Chapter 2 - Infrastructure and Documentation

What is the Application layer responsible for?

Identifying hosts and applications using names and ports.

What are the two parts of a host's full domain name?

Host name and domain name.

What is the host name?

The specific name assigned to a host;

• e.g. www.john

What is the domain name?

The name identifying a domain;

• e.g., myshopify.com

What is a full domain name?

The host name combined with the domain name;

• e.g. www.john.myshopify.com

What does the Transport layer do?

Uses designated ports to identify one application from another.

What does the Network layer do?

Routes data so it reaches the correct device.

What is assigned to every network interface?

An IP address.

How many bits are in an IPv4 address?

32 bits.

How many octets does IPv4 have?

4 octets.

What notation is commonly used for IPv4?

Dotted decimal; e.g., 192.143.15.2.

How many bits are in an IPv6 address?

128 bits.

What notation is used for IPv6?

Hexadecimal; groups are separated by colons.

What does the Data Link layer handle?

Communication between devices on the same network.

What is a MAC address? (media access control address)

A unique identifier assigned to a network device's interface.

How long is a MAC address?

48 bits.

What do the first 24 bits of a MAC address identify?

The manufacturer (OUI).

What do the last 24 bits of a MAC address identify?

The specific device/interface.

What is a frame?

Data packaged at the Data Link layer with addressing information.

What addresses are used in a frame?

MAC addresses.

What does the Data Link layer add to packets?

Headers and trailers.

What does the Physical layer handle?

Physical connections such as cables and wireless signals.

What is DNS? (domain name system)

A system that converts domain names into IP addresses.

Why is DNS often compared to an Internet phonebook?

It maps human-readable domain names to IP addresses.

What are the three components of DNS?

Name space, name servers, and resolvers.

What is DNS name space?

The collection of domain names and their associated information.

What do DNS name servers do?

Store information mapping domain names to IP addresses.

What does a DNS resolver do?

Requests DNS information to find the IP address for a domain.

What is a data room?

A space that houses network equipment.

What is a rack?

A structure that holds network equipment such as servers, routers, and switches.

What is a patch panel?

A device that organizes and manages network cable connections.

What is an ISP?

An Internet Service Provider that provides Internet access and connectivity.

What is an Entrance Facility (EF)?

The location where incoming network connections enter a building or organization.

What is the demarcation point (Demarc)?

The physical boundary where ISP responsibility ends and customer responsibility begins.

What is the Main Distribution Frame (MDF)?

The central equipment room where incoming lines are connected and distributed.

What is the Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF)?

A secondary distribution point within a building's network.

What is a wall jack?

A connection point in a work area for voice or data networking.

What is a patch cable?

A short cable with connectors on both ends.

What is SCADA?

A system for monitoring and controlling industrial processes remotely.

What does PVC stand for?

Polyvinyl chloride.

What is PVC used for in networking?

Protecting wires through cable insulation.

What is EMI?

Electromagnetic interference that can disrupt electrical signals.

What is STP cable?

Shielded twisted-pair cable designed to reduce EMI.

Why is EMI a concern for networks?

It can reduce signal quality and cause data corruption.

What are VoIP phones?

Phones designed to make calls using Voice over IP services.

What is a voice gateway?

A bridge between traditional telephone systems and VoIP networks.

What is SIP?

Session Initiation Protocol, used to establish, modify, and terminate communication sessions.

What is a network map?

A logical representation showing how network devices connect and how data flows.

What is a floor plan?

A physical layout showing where network equipment and cables are located in a building.

What is a wiring diagram?

A diagram showing physical cabling and connections between network components.

What is a rack diagram?

A diagram showing the physical arrangement of equipment in a rack.

What are SOPs?

Standard Operating Procedures that ensure tasks are performed consistently.

Why are SOPs important?

They ensure consistency when different employees perform the same task.

What is the first stage of the system life cycle?

Requirement analysis.

What happens during requirement analysis?

Business needs and requirements are identified.

What happens during design planning?

Big goals are developed into detailed design decisions.

What happens during development and testing?

Equipment/software is obtained and tested before deployment.

What happens during implementation?

New equipment or systems are deployed to replace old ones.

What happens during documentation and maintenance?

Systems are monitored and problems are detected and addressed.

What happens during evaluation?

The organization decides whether to discard, replace, upgrade, or improve a system.

What is a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)?

A formal, generally non-binding agreement outlining parties' intent to collaborate.

What is a Statement of Work (SOW)?

A document defining project tasks, deliverables, and timelines.

What is a Request for Proposal (RFP)?

A request from an organization asking vendors to submit proposals.

What is a Service Level Agreement (SLA)?

A binding agreement defining the services a provider must deliver.

What is software installation?

Adding new software to relevant devices and integrating it with network resources.

What is a patch?

A software correction or improvement that may fix bugs or security vulnerabilities.

What is an upgrade?

A major software change that adds or improves functionality and features.

What is a rollback?

Reverting software to a previous version when a change fails.

What is the first step when making a system change?

Submit a formal change request.

Why must the approval process be followed?

To obtain the necessary permission before implementing a change.

Who may approve minor changes?

A manager may be authorized to approve minor changes.

Who typically handles major changes?

Major changes may require approval through a board or formal process.

What should happen when applying an approved change?

Execute the change according to the approved plan.

Why should changes be documented?

For future reference, tracking, and accountability.

What is a command-line interface?

A text-based interface where users interact with a computer by typing commands.

What is the difference between a network map and floor plan?

A network map shows logical connections; a floor plan shows physical locations.

What is the difference between MDF and IDF?

MDF is the central distribution point; IDF is a secondary distribution point.

What is the difference between a patch and an upgrade?

A patch makes smaller corrections/improvements; an upgrade is a major feature/functionality change.

What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?

IPv4 uses 32 bits; IPv6 uses 128 bits.

What is the difference between MAC and IP addresses?

MAC identifies a network interface; IP identifies its network location.

What is the difference between a frame and a packet?

A packet is handled at the Network layer; a frame is the Data Link layer unit.