Westernization Criteria

Westernization

Adoption of Western culture and values, including democracy, judicial equality, and freedom of ideas

Democracy

Political system where citizens have a say in decision-making, often through voting for representatives

Judicial equality

Equal treatment under the law for all citizens, regardless of social or economic status

Freedom of ideas

The ability to express and explore diverse thoughts, beliefs, and opinions without censorship

Ancient Greece

Historical period from 1200 BC to 338 BC, known for democracy, reason, and influential disciplines

Democracy (Ancient Greece)

System of government where citizens have a direct voice in decision-making, as seen in Athens

Reason (Ancient Greece)

Emphasis on logic, critical thinking, and rationality in philosophical and scientific pursuits

Disciplines (Ancient Greece)

Areas of study such as philosophy, history, politics, and science that were highly developed in Ancient Greece

Barbaroi

Term used in Ancient Greece to refer to groups considered less intelligent or civilized

Pederasty

Historical practice in Ancient Greece involving a sexual relationship between an adult male and a pubescent or adolescent male

Archaic Age (Ancient Greece)

Period from 1200-900 BC characterized by migrations, conflicts, and the Trojan War

Classical Age (Ancient Greece)

Era from 700-338 BC marked by the rise of democracy, philosophy, and the influence of Greek city-states

Hellenistic Age

Period from 338-146 BC when Greek culture and ideas spread to other regions after the conquests of Alexander the Great

Polis

City-state in Ancient Greece, characterized by its own government, laws, and customs

Hoplite

Heavily armed citizen-soldier in Ancient Greece, often associated with the city-state's military and political power

Tyranny (Ancient Greece)

Rule by a single leader who seized power against customary or constitutional means

Helots

Enslaved population in Sparta, forced to work the land and give produce to the ruling class

Solon

Athenian statesman known for legal and economic reforms, including equality before the law

Pericles

Athenian statesman who promoted democracy, naval power, and cultural achievements, such as the Parthenon

Olympic Games

Ancient athletic competition held every four years in honor of Zeus, featuring various sports and religious rituals

Republic (Ancient Rome)

Period from 509-27 BC characterized by representative government and indirect democracy

Empire (Ancient Rome)

Period from 27 BC-410 AD marked by centralized power, expansion, and the rule of emperors

Messianic Milieu

Historical context of Israel and Judea under Roman control, with a mix of polytheistic and monotheistic religions

Hebrew Sects

Different religious groups in Hellenistic and Roman worlds, including the Essenes and Pharisaic Judaism

Fall of the Roman Empire

Decline and collapse of the Western Roman Empire due to various factors such as political instability and invasions

Monarchy (Fall of Roman Empire)

Rule by warlords and the ideology of centralized power, contributing to political instability

Environmental Stress (Fall of Roman Empire)

Challenges such as declining harvests and population pressure leading to weakened immunity and localized lifestyles

Population Decline (Fall of Roman Empire)

Reduction in population due to diseases, malnourishment, and forced labor, impacting the empire's stability

Foederati

Allied Germanic, British, and Celtic tribes defending the Roman Empire in exchange for citizenship and other benefits