Chapter 9: Kinds of Research

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A gene that helps to tell the brain how to grow.

Arvid Carlsson

________ discovered that Parkinsons was caused by the depletion of dopamine using rabbits & mice.

Next-generation sequencing

________ is expected to uncover the function & sequence of all 20, 000+ genes (exome).

Electroencephalogram

________ (EEG): electrodes are placed on the head and record the electrical activity of the brain in response to a variety of stimuli and activities.

Tracers

________ break down at a slower rate and do not require a nearby particle accelerator.

Sea Slugs

________ were important for studying learning and memory.

MRIs

________ reveal the precise extent of tumors fast and vividly.

Deletion

________ of a portion of chromosome 16 can lead to many neurological symptoms.

Event

________- related optical signal: records how light scatters in response to fast cellular changes that arise when neurons fire.

Mice

________ are being used to understand what factors change after a certain age to prevent rewiring.

Eric Kandel

________ did work on learning and memory.

FMRI

________: gene that is abnormal in those with fragile X syndrome.

RBI

________: gene that causes retinoblastoma.

Magnetoencephalography

________ (MEG): reveals the source of weak magnetic fields emitted by neurons.

MEG

________ can characterize changing patterns of neural activity down to milliseconds.

maps of brain

Staining techniques helped scientists look at pathways and connections to make road ________ connections.

Zebrafish

________ have transparent fertilized eggs, so they are good models for developmental neuroscience research.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

________ (MRS)- uses the same machinery as an MRI but measures the concentration of specific chemicals in different parts of brain.

Electrodes

________ are placed on the head.

radioisotope

The ________ shows up in the brain in proportion to how hard local neurons are working.

animal species

Many vertebrate ________ are genetically and biochemically similar to humans.

Optical imaging

________: relies on shining weak lasers through the skull to see brain activity.

Drugs

________ can affect brain systems concerned with learning and memory.

Electrophysiology

________- the study of electrical properties of neurons.

ventral tegmental area

The ________ communicates with the nucleus accumbens (an area next to the bottom of the midbrain).

Fruit flies

________ have a less complex nervous system, but they and humans share many features.

Rabbits

________ and cats were very important models for studying vision and other senses.

Kabuki syndrome

A rare, multi-system syndrome that is characterized by many different abnormalities including skeletal abnormalities, short stature, and varying levels of intellectual disability.

Tuberous sclerosis complex

________: a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of many benign tumors in the body.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

________ (fMRI): compares brain activity under resting and active conditions.

Amblyopia

________: the vision of one eye is greatly reduced because the eyes do not work well together.

DMD

________: gene thatcauses Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Invertebrates

________ were also used to learn more about the human nervous system.

Genes

________: sections of DNA that code for a product.

Transcranial

________ magnetic stimulation (TMS): induces electrical impulses in brain by altering magnetic fields through an electromagnetic coil held against the scalp that emits powerful magnetic pulses.

discovery of chemicals

After the ________ transported within neurons, methods have been developed to visualize brain activity and precisely track nerve fiber connections within an animals nervous system.

DNA strands

________ are long, spiraling, double helixes arranged in 46 chromosomes.

Positron Emission Tomography

________ (PET)- a scanning technique based on the detection of radioactivity emitted when positrons undergo radioactive decay in the brain.

PET

________ allows scientists to measure the changes in the release of some neurotransmitters.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

________: takes advantage of diffusion rates of water and shows connections in the brain.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

________ (MRI)- a non- invasive scanning technique that provides a high- quality 3D image of organs and structures.

Diffuse optical tomography

________: used to create brain activity maps.

TMS

Information from ________ and fMRI can show the correlation between a brain region and behavior.

Levodopa

________: a drug that gets converted to dopamine in the brain.

PET studies

________ helped scientists understand more about how drugs affect the brain and what happens while people are working on different activities (learning, language)

Rett

________ syndrome: a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the way the brain develops.

Mutations

________: errors in the sequence and /or amount of DNA.

particular neurotransmitter

Can be used to pinpoint the relationship between a(n) ________ and behavior or cognitive process.

Positrons

________: positively- charged anti- electrons.

Repetitive TMS

________ is used to investigate the role of specific brain regions during behavior.

Levodopa

A drug that gets converted to dopamine in the brain.

Then he turned to a simpler organism

the sea slug

Amblyopia

A condition where the vision of one eye is greatly reduced because the eyes do not work well together.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Electrodes are placed on the head and record the electrical activity of the brain in response to a variety of stimuli and activities.

Positrons

Positively-charged anti-electrons.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

An imaging technique that takes advantage of diffusion rates of water and shows connections in the brain.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Imaging that compares brain activity under resting and active conditions.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Imaging that reveals the source of weak magnetic fields emitted by neurons.

Optical imaging

Imaging that relies on shining weak lasers through the skull to see brain activity.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Imaging that relies on shining lasers through the skull at near-Infrared frequencies.

Diffuse optical tomography

Imaging used to create brain activity maps.

Event-related optical signal

Imaging that records how light scatters in response to fast cellular changes that arise when neurons fire.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

This induces electrical impulses in brain by altering magnetic fields through an electromagnetic coil held against the scalp that emits powerful magnetic pulses.

Genes

Sections of DNA that code for a product.

Mutations

Errors in the sequence and/or amount of DNA.

Chromosome microarrays

A technique that looks carefully at the overall chromosome makeup of a person and finds out if segments of chromosomes or missing or duplicated.

RBI

The gene that causes retinoblastoma.

DMD

The gene that causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

FMRI

The gene that is abnormal in those with fragile X syndrome.

22q deletion syndrome

A condition where individuals are missing a part of chromosome 22.

Tuberous sclerosis complex

A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of many benign tumors in the body.

Rett syndrome

A rare neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the way the brain develops.