short for acetyl coenzyme A; formed from a fragment of pyruvate bonded to a coenzyme before the citric acid cycle begins
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activation Energy
the energy requirement needed for reactants to undergo a chemical reaction
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active Site
the part of an enzyme where its substrate binds
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aerobic respiration
breakdown of organic molecules to produce ATP using oxygen
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allosteric regulation
regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site which then affects the function at another site
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anabolism
refers to metabolic pathways that build things up from smaller components
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anaerobic respiration
production of ATP by breaking down organic molecules without the use of oxygen
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ATP synthase
a protein “pump” which uses a hydrogen ion gradient to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
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catabolism
refers to metabolic pathways that break things down from big to small
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catalyst
a chemical that increases a reaction rate without being consumed by reducing the activation energy of a reaction
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chemiosmosis
describes an energy coupling pair where a hydrogen ion gradient is formed and then used to do work
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coenzyme
an organic cofactor
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cofactor
a helper molecule: any nonprotein molecule that an enzyme needs to function
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competitive inhibition
inhibition where a substance reduces enzyme activity by binding to the active site
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cooperativity
a type of allosteric regulation where the substrate binds to enzyme and other subunits of the protein change shape which facilitates the binding of more substrates to the other subunits
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cristae
the membrane folds within mitochondria
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electrochemical gradient
diffusion gradient of an ion
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electron transport chain
a sequence of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP
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endergonic
describes a chemical reaction that absorbs free energy from the surroundings
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energy coupling
use the energy released from an exergonic reaction to provide the energy needed to drive an endergonic reaction forward
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entropy
a measure of disorder
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enzyme
a biological molecule that acts as a catalyst
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exergonic
describes a chemical reaction that releases free energy to the surroundings
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FAD / FADH2
an electron carrier in the electron transport chain
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feedback inhibition
a regulatory system where the result of a reaction inhibits the pathway
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fermentation
catabolic process that produces ATP from glucose without using the electron transport chain; produces an end product such as lactic acid
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first law of thermodynamics
conservation of energy; energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can only be transferred and transformed
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free energy
the portion of a biological system’s energy that can be used for work
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G3P
a carbon intermediate that is produced during from glucose and is then turned into pyruvate
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glycolysis
splitting of glucose into two pyruvates as a starting step for either cellular respiration or fermentation
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kinetic energy
energy of motion
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krebs / citric acid cycle
a cycle that completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide
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matrix
mitochondrion compartment enclosed by inner membrane
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metabolic pathway
refers to a series of chemical reactions which may be anabolic or catabolic
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mitochondria
the “powerhouse” of the cell; organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration
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NAD+ / NADH
an electron carrier in the electron transport chain
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noncompetitive inhibition
inhibition where a substance reduces enzyme activity by binding to a location that is not the active site
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nonspontaneous
a reaction that will not move proceed unless additional energy is added
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oxidation
a substance that is oxidized loses electrons
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oxidative phosphorylation
ATP production using energy from the redox reactions of the electron transport chain
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phosphorylation
a reaction that adds a phosphate group to a molecule
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positive feedback
a loop where the end result of a reaction amplifies the reaction
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pyruvate
carbon intermediate that results from the breakdown of glucose which is produced during glycolysis
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second law of thermodynamics
the universe tends to move towards higher entropy
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spontaneous
a reaction that will move proceed without additional energy input
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substrate level phosphorylation
a reaction where an intermediate substrate is catabolized, and an enzyme phosphorylates ADP to ATP
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substrate
the reactant that binds to an enzyme
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thermal energy
energy of heat; kinetic energy of moving atoms and molecules
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Flashcard (34)