Binocular Vision and Space Perception

1. Monocular

2. Bi-ocular

3. Binocular

Types of Vision? (3)

1. Monocular — Vision with single eye.

2. Bi-ocular — No coordination between two eyes.

3. Binocular — Coordinated vision from two eyes.

Differentiate the three types of vision.

Theory of Correspondence and Disparity.

Most widely accepted theory of binocular vision.

Optic Chiasm

First structure that contributes for binocular vision.

Optic Chiasm

Serves to project to same place in visual cortex

Visual Directions

Line that connects an object point with its image on the retina.

1. Principal

2. Secondary

Two types of Visual DIrections? (2)

Fovea

Area of the highest visual acuity.

Retinal Point

A specific retinal element or retinal area that has a particular relationship with a perceived visual direction.

Line of Direction

“Direction ray”

Line of Direction

A specific retinal element or retinal area that has a particular relationship with a perceived visual direction.

For simplicity. It is represented as straight lines in schematic drawings.

When is lines of directions used?

Spatial Localization

The ability to determine where an object is located in visual space.

1. Egocentric Localization

2. Exocentric Localization

Types of Spatial Localization? (2)

1. Egocentric Localization — Object relative to the observerer.

2. Exocentric Localization — Object relative to other objects.

Differentiate the two major reference points of Spatial Localization.

Distance Perception

The ability to estimate how far an object is from the observer.

Relative Size

Objects that are known or expected to be the same size can appear different in size on the retina.

Interposition

When one object partially covers or occludes another, the covered object is perceived as being farther away.

Lienar Perspective

Parallel lines in the real world, such as road edges or railway tracks, appear to converge as they extend into the distance.

Aerial Perspective

An object becomes farther away, light from those objects travels through more of the atmosphere before reaching the observer.

Distribution of Lights and Shadow

The brain uses these patterns to infer the object’s shape, surface orientation, depth, and position relative to other objects.

• Depth Perception — The ability to perceive 3D arrangement of objects and their relative distances.

• Stereoscopic Space — The perception of depth that arises from the slightly different retinal images received by the two eyes.

Depth Perception vs. Stereoscopic Space

Absolute Depth

Perception of an objects’s distance from the observerer.

Relative Depth

Perception of the depth relationship between objects.

Binocular Depth Perception

The ability to perceive differences in depth and relative distance using infornation from both eyes.