3 - Manufacturing of Semisolid Dosage Forms

• Incorporation

• Fusion

Method of Manufacturing Ointments [2]

b. Incorporation

[Method of Manufacturing Ointments]

Method of manufacturing ointments wherein the components are mixed until a uniform preparation is attained
a. Fusion
b. Incorporation
c. Levigation
d. Trituration

b. Incorporation

[Method of Manufacturing Ointments]

Method of manufacturing ointments with the use of ointment roller mills (to mix heat-sensitive ointment bases), Unguator® Electric Mortar and Pestle
a. Fusion
b. Incorporation
c. Levigation
d. Trituration

• Ointment roller mills

• Unguator® Electric Mortar and Pestle

[Method of Manufacturing Ointments]

Equipment used in incorporation method to mix heat-sensitive ointment bases
a. Stem-jacketed Kettle
b. Ointment roller mills, Unguator® Electric Mortar and Pestle
c. Rotary Die
d. Chilsonator

b. Fusion

[Method of Manufacturing Ointments]

Method of manufacturing ointments wherein the components are combined by melting together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed
a. Incorporation
b. Fusion
c. Levigation
d. Emulsification

b. Fusion

[Method of Manufacturing Ointments]

Method of manufacturing ointments with the use of stem-jacketed kettle, ointment roller mill

a. Incorporation
b. Fusion
c. Levigation
d. Emulsification

• Stem-jacketed kettle

• Ointment roller mill

[Method of Manufacturing Ointments]

Equipment used in fusion method of ointment manufacturing
a. Ointment roller mills, Unguator® Electric Mortar and Pestle
b. Stem-jacketed kettle, ointment roller mill
c. Rotary Die
d. Chilsonator roller compactor

b. Gelling Agents

Substances which when added to water or an aqueous mixture, increase its viscosity
a. Binders
b. Gelling Agents
c. Diluents
d. Emulsifiers

• Natural Polymer

• Semisynthetic Polymer

• Synthetic Polymer

Type of Gelling agent [3]

• Alginic acid

• Gelatin

• Starch

• Acacia

• Tragacanth

• Mg Al silicate

• Bentonite

[Type of Gelling agent]

Example of Natural Polymers [7]

• Cellulose derivatives

• Sodium starch glycolate

[Type of Gelling agent]

Example of Semisynthetic Polymers [2]

• Carbomer

• Polyvinyl alcohol

[Type of Gelling agent]

Example of Synthetic Polymer [2]

b. Carbomer

[Type of Gelling agent]

Gelling agent that swells in water at basic pH

‘a. Polyvinyl alcohol
b. Carbomer
c. Bentonite
d. Tragacanth

a. Carbopol®

[Type of Gelling agent]

Carbomer common brand name is _____
a. Carbopol®
b. Carboxymethylcellulose
c. Cetostearyl alcohol
d. Cetyl alcohol

a. Methanol amine

[Type of Gelling agent]

Neutralizing agent for Carbomer
a. Methanol amine
b. Glycerin
c. Castor oil
d. PEG

• The drug and other additives are dissolved in the liquid vehicle before the gelling agent is added

• Temperature – hot water is preferred for gelatin and PVA and cold water is used for other gelling agents

• Duration of Swelling – 24 to 48 hours

• Removal of Entrapped Air – position the propeller at the bottom of the container

Manufacturing Parameters of Gels [4]

b. Before the gelling agent is added

[Manufacturing Parameters of Gels]

The drug and other additives are dissolved in the liquid vehicle __________
a. After the gelling agent is added
b. Before the gelling agent is added
c. During the swelling period
d. After removal of entrapped air

a. Hot water

[Manufacturing Parameters of Gels]

Type of water preferred for gelatin and PVA
a. Hot water
b. Distilled water
c. Cold water
d. Deionized water

c. Cold water

[Manufacturing Parameters of Gels]

Type of water preferred for and PVA and cold water is used for

a. Hot water
b. Distilled water
c. Cold water
d. Deionized water

c. 24 to 48 hours

[Manufacturing Parameters of Gels]

Duration of swelling required in gel manufacturing
a. 6 to 12 hours
b. 12 to 24 hours
c. 24 to 48 hours
d. 48 to 96 hours

b. By positioning the propeller at the bottom of the container

[Manufacturing Parameters of Gels]

How is entrapped air removed during gel manufacturing?
a. By heating the mixture
b. By positioning the propeller at the bottom of the container
c. By filtering the gel
d. By adding a defoaming agent

Jars – plastic or glass

Tubes – plastic laminate or metal

Syringes

[Filling and Packaging]

Semisolid dosage forms are usually filled in _____ [3]

b. Fusion

[Filling and Packaging]

Ointments prepared by_______should be poured while still soft directly into the containers
a. Incorporation
b. Fusion
c. Levigation
d. Trituration

a. True

[Filling and Packaging]

Ointments prepared by fusion should be poured while still soft directly into the containers

a. True

b. False