EOY Science Study Guide - Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards for EOY Science Study Guide.

Nutrition

The process by which living organisms take in and use food to grow, stay healthy, and carry out life processes.

Functions of Fruits and Vegetables

Boost immune system, Aid digestion, Reduce cholesterol.

Nutrients in Carbohydrates

Energy, fiber, vitamins, calcium, iron.

Functions of Carbohydrates

Main energy source, Supports digestion.

Nutrients in Food from Animals (Proteins)

Amino acids, vitamins, minerals.

Functions of Food from Animals (Proteins)

Body repair and growth, Supports digestion and immunity.

Nutrients in Fats and Oils

Omega-3s, fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E).

Functions of Fats and Oils

Absorb vitamins, Support brain/nervous system, Hormone production.

Macronutrients

Needed in large amounts.

Carbohydrates

Main energy source (4 cal/g).

Proteins

Growth and repair (4 cal/g).

Fats

Energy storage, hormone production (9 cal/g).

Micronutrients

Needed in small amounts.

Vitamins

A, B, C, D, E, K — help with various body processes.

Minerals

Iron, calcium, zinc — important for bones, blood, and nerves.

Importance of Mindful Eating

Supports digestion, Prevents overeating, Encourages healthy food habits.

Vitamin A

Vision, immunity, growth. Deficiency: Night blindness, skin issues. Food Sources: Carrots, spinach, liver.

Vitamin B

Energy release, DNA synthesis. Deficiency: Fatigue, nerve issues. Food Sources: Whole grains, meat, eggs.

Vitamin C

Collagen formation, iron absorption. Deficiency: Scurvy. Food Sources: Citrus fruits, broccoli.

Vitamin D

Bone health, calcium absorption. Deficiency: Rickets, osteoporosis. Food Sources: Sunlight, fatty fish.

Vitamin E

Antioxidant, cell protection. Deficiency: Muscle weakness. Food Sources: Nuts, seeds.

Vitamin K

Blood clotting, bone health. Deficiency: Bleeding issues. Food Sources: Leafy greens, kiwi.

Calcium

Bones, teeth, nerve function. Deficiency: Osteoporosis, cramps. Food Sources: Dairy, tofu, leafy greens.

Iron

Oxygen transport, energy. Deficiency: Anemia, fatigue. Food Sources: Red meat, legumes, eggs.

Iodine

Thyroid hormones, growth. Deficiency: Goiter, developmental delays. Food Sources: Iodized salt, seafood.

Air

A mixture of invisible gases that surrounds the Earth and is essential for life.

Nitrogen

Helps plants grow (78%).

Oxygen

Needed by humans and animals to breathe (21%).

Other gases & water vapour

Includes carbon dioxide, argon, and more (1%).

Force

A push or pull that can change the motion or shape of an object.

Effects of Forces

Start or stop movement, Change the speed or direction of an object, Change the shape of an object.

Muscular Force

From your muscles (e.g., lifting a bag).

Frictional Force

Opposes motion between two surfaces.

Mechanical Force

From machines.

Air Resistance

Slows things down in the air.

Normal Force

Support force from a surface.

Gravitational Force

Pull between masses (e.g., Earth pulling objects down).

Electrostatic Force

Between electric charges.

Magnetic Force

Between magnets or magnetic materials.

Physical Quantities

Measurable properties of matter or energy.

Fundamental Quantities

Basic and cannot be broken down into other quantities.

Derived Quantities

Calculated from fundamental quantities using formulas.

Scalar

Has only Size.

Vector

Has Size + Direction.

Blade (Lamina)

Main site of photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transpiration; Broad, flat portion of the leaf.

Apex

May help with water runoff; The tip or end of the leaf farthest from the stem.

Margin

Can aid in leaf identification and may help with water drainage; The edge of the leaf; can be smooth, toothed, or lobed.

Veins

Transport water, nutrients, and food; provide structural support; Network of vascular tissues branching through the blade.

Midrib

Main vein providing support and transport; Central, prominent vein running through the leaf blade.

Base

Connects the leaf to the petiole or stem; Bottom part of the leaf where it attaches to the petiole.

Petiole

Supports the leaf and transports materials between stem and leaf; Stalk connecting the leaf blade to the stem.

Stipule

May protect young leaves or have other roles depending on the plant; Small, leaf-like appendage at the base of the petiole (not always present).

Water Cycle

The continuous movement of water on the Earth’s Atmosphere/ on Earth.

Evaporation

Water → vapor (heat from sun).

Condensation

Vapor → droplets/clouds.

Precipitation

Droplets fall (rain, snow, etc.).

Collection

Water gathers in lakes, rivers, groundwater.

Condensation Pollution Risk

Air pollution (e.g., from factories or vehicles) can mix with water vapor during condensation, forming acid rain.

Infiltration & Groundwater Pollution Risk

Harmful substances from landfills, septic systems, or chemical spills can seep into the ground, contaminating groundwater.

Collection (in oceans, lakes, rivers) Pollution Risk

Water bodies collect sewage, plastic, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff, leading to serious pollution and ecosystem damage.

Chemical Pollutants

Pesticides, industrial waste.

Biological Pollutants

Bacteria, parasites.

Physical Pollutants

Plastic, sediments.

pH (Water Quality)

Measures how acidic or basic water is; safe drinking water ranges between 6.5 and 8.5.

Turbidity (Water Quality)

Refers to the cloudiness of water; high turbidity can carry harmful microorganisms and reduce water clarity.

Energy Pyramid

A diagram showing energy transfer through trophic levels.

Trophic Levels

Producers → Primary → Secondary → Tertiary consumers.

10% Rule

Only 10% of energy transfers to next level.

Importance of Energy Pyramid

Shows energy flow in ecosystems, Highlights loss of energy through heat and life processes.

Point 1 of Particle Theory of Matter

All matter is made up of particles (atoms/molecules).

Point 2 of Particle Theory of Matter

Particles are always in motion.

Point 3 of Particle Theory of Matter

There are spaces between particles.

Point 4 of Particle Theory of Matter

Particles are held together by attractive forces.

Diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration.

Osmosis

Movement of water through a membrane from low to high solute concentration.

Brownian Motion

Random movement of particles due to collisions with molecules.

Matter

Anything with mass and volume (it takes up space).

Unsaturated Solutions

Can dissolve more solute.

Saturated Solutions

Cannot dissolve more solute at a given temperature.

Supersaturated Solutions

Contains more solute than normally possible.

Hypotonic

Less solute outside the cell.

Isotonic

Equal solute concentration.

Hypertonic

More solute outside the cell.

Atom

The smallest unit of matter with properties of an element.

Proton

Positive charge (located in the nucleus).

Neutron

No charge (located in the nucleus).

Electron

Negative charge (orbits the nucleus).

Atomic Number

Number of protons.

Mass Number

Protons + Neutrons.

Cations

Positive (if the atom lost electrons).

Anions

Negative (if the atom gained electrons).

Periodic Table

Organizes all known elements(pure substances of one atom type).

Compound

Substance that consists of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.

Food Chain

A simple linear graph that shows the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

Producers

Make their own food (e.g., plants, algae).

Primary Consumers

Herbivores that eat producers (e.g., rabbits).

Secondary Consumers

Carnivores/omnivores that eat primary consumers (e.g., snakes).

Tertiary Consumers

Top predators (e.g., hawks).

Decomposers

Break down dead organisms (e.g., fungi, bacteria).

Diatomic Molecule

Two atoms bonded together.