CRJ 160 Final Exam

evidence which needs a visual aid to be seen

latent evidence

evidence which is readily visible to the naked eye

patent evidence

What two things give evidence its value?

content and context

Priority #1 at a crime scene

safety

priority #2 at a crime scene

securing the scene

_____ scene; location where original incident occured

primary scene

_____ scene; place or vehicle involved after the incident

secondary scene

microscopic evidene; transferred between people, objects or the environment during a crime

trace evidence

a mechanical iris opens and closes to let in more or less light

aperture

the range of distances in the photo that are in focus

depth of field

the amount of time needed to ‘record’ the image, in fractions of a second

shutter speed

a measure of how sensitive to light the ‘film’ is

film speed / ISO

distance at which light coming through the lens is focused; the longer the distance, the narrower the field of view

focal length

“warmness” or “coolness” of the ambient light, which can distort colors

white balance

when an object appears to have moved when shooting from different angles

parallax error

three types of crime scene photographs

overview, midrange, close ups

title, legend, scene dimensions, scale of drawing, fixed points from which to measure objects, lines/arrows to indicate distances, cardinal directions

elements of crime scene sketch

the process of developing a likely scenario/sequence of events which explain a crime scene

crime scene reconstruction

reasoning: general to specific

deductive reasoning

reasoning: specific to general

inductive reasoning

a true, ‘real science’ hypothesis can always concievably be disproven

falsifiability

cognitive bias where one applies simple yes/no thinking to more complex problems

bifurication

larger (greater than 4mm) droplets where gravity is the primary contributer to droplet velocity

low velocity spatter

intermediate sized droplets, typically associated with blunt force trauma (objects moving 5-25 ft/s)

medium velocity spatter

small droplets to mist from fast moving blood; typically gunshot exitor explosion wounds

high velocity spatter

postmortem cooling of the body

algor mortis

postmortem discoloration of parts of the body

livor mortis

postmortem stiffening of the body

rigor mortis

process whereby bacteria in the gut escape confinement and begin to consume the body

putrefaction

when oxygenation ceases, cell structures begin to fail and enzymes that are normally contained are released

autolysis

the concept of using facial measurments to identify criminals, developed by alphonse bertillion

anthropometry

fingerprints, footprints, etc

friction ridge impressions

small ridge features such as islands, lakes, spurs, and bifurcations

minutiae

what does ACE-V stand for?

analyze, compare, evaluate, verify

postmortem sample collection sites

ocular fluid and phemoral blood