CH+5+Funke+Metabolism

What is the definition of energy in biology?

Energy is the ability to perform work, which involves the transfer of energy.

What are the two types of energy discussed in the lecture?

Potential energy, which is stored energy available to do work, and kinetic energy, which is energy of motion.

State the First Law of Thermodynamics.

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

What is metabolism?

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism, including the buildup (anabolism) and breakdown (catabolism) of nutrients.

Define catabolism.

Catabolism refers to reactions that break down complex molecules, releasing energy and providing building blocks for anabolism.

Define anabolism.

Anabolism refers to reactions that use energy and building blocks to build complex molecules, often referred to as biosynthetic reactions.

How is ATP involved in metabolism?

ATP functions as an intermediate between catabolism and anabolism, providing the energy required for anabolic reactions.

What are the main differences between catabolic and anabolic reactions?

Catabolic reactions break down molecules and release energy, while anabolic reactions build molecules and require energy.

What factors influence enzyme activity?

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors influence enzyme activity.

What is competitive inhibition?

Competitive inhibition occurs when a substance competes with the substrate for binding to the active site of the enzyme.

What is noncompetitive inhibition?

Noncompetitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, changing the active site shape and reducing enzyme activity.

Explain the difference between oxidation and reduction.

Oxidation is the removal of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons.

What are the end products of glycolysis?

The end products of glycolysis are 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.

What does substrate-level phosphorylation involve?

Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy substrate to ADP to form ATP.

How does oxidative phosphorylation work?

Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP through the electron transport chain, where electrons are transferred between carriers, releasing energy that is used to form a proton gradient and synthesize ATP.

What is the purpose of metabolic pathways?

Metabolic pathways consist of a series of enzymatic reactions that extract energy from organic compounds and store it in chemical form (ATP).

What is alcohol fermentation?

Alcohol fermentation is a metabolic process where glucose is converted to pyruvic acid, which is then reduced to ethanol and carbon dioxide by NADH.

How do light-dependent and light-independent reactions differ in photosynthesis?

Light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH), while light-independent (dark) reactions use ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar.

What are ribozymes?

Ribozyme are RNA molecules that act as catalysts, often involved in RNA splicing and protein synthesis within ribosomes.