Crime and Deviance

Moral panics

exaggerated media reaction to behaviour that deviates from social norms and values of society, causes moral entrepreneurs like police, politicians, media to question whether the moral norms and values of society are falling apart. For example mods and rockers

folk devil

groups or people who are seen as deviant by the media, blamed for crimes. for example hippies subcultures were associated with drugs by the media and police, even though it was a small percentage of hippies actually using drugs, this led to people see all hippies as deviant people who use drugs

deviancy amplification

theory that suggests that deviance in society is the consequence of police control, overreaction and labelling by mass media. Not done purposely

moral entrepreneur

individuals or groups who seek to influence a society's moral norms and values, usually try to alter existing norms or make new ones. Becker found there are 2 types, rule creator (politicians or judges ) or rule enforcer (police and military)

agencies of social control

people employed to prevent people from acting deviantly or committing crimes, like police

primary deviance

deviant acts that have not been publicly labelled as criminal.

secondary deviance

deviant acts and individuals that are labelled, people may only see him according to his master status which may lead to a deviant career

master status

the main way in which we think of and identify ourselves with

deterministic

view that free will is an illusion and our behaviour is from forces we have no control over, our behaviour is predictable

deviant

when someone does something that is considered different to the norms and values of society

criminal

when someone does something that violates legal codes and is punishable by law

selective law enforcement

The ruling class have the power to introduce or prevent the introduction of most laws.

legitimate opportunity structures

socially acceptable way of achieving societies goals

illegitimate opportunity structures

criminal path to make money and achieve societies goals

focal concerns

different values that people in subcultures have so are a number of different concerns and things they want to achieve

criminogenic

something that causes crime

anomie

something that has no norms

atrophy

when society doesn’t work and causes chaos

status frustration

Where individuals feel a tension between the goals of society and their ability to achieve these goals through conventional means

ladette

women who take on lad behaviour, like drinking, loud or vulgar language

double deviant

deviate against society as well as deviate against gender roles

chivalry thesis

female given lighter punishments from CJS due to men wanting to look after women as they see them as subordinate to men

guardians of domestic morality

the main parent of children, usually mother, has more to lose so won’t commit crime

vicarious identification

men more intrested in researching crimes done by men

gender deals

if they are a good mother and wife they will be treated well and taken care of

class deals

working class women if they work hard they will be financially rewarded in life

hegemonic masculinity

what is seen as a real man

masculine validating resource

something that shows someones masculinity

edgework

men commit crimes as they enjoy the adrenaline they get from it not for material rewards

dark figure of crime

many crimes are underreported, so figures only give a glimpse of what the real issue is

white collar crime

middle class people abuse their work positions in organisations for personal gain at the expense of the organisation or clients of it

corporate crime

offences committed by a corporation or business for the gain of the business

organised crime

group of people of involved in crime for profit

glocal system

locally based crimes with networks of people across the globe

zemiology

study of harm

state crimes

crimes that break national or international laws which carried out by the state

ideological relatively

governments can decide who is defined as certain things for certain actions

ideological construct

powerful define what counts as crime

crime

act which breaks the law of society

deviant

behaviour which moves away from conventional norms and values

mechanical solidarity

traditional control of society, very strict and not diversed

occupational crime

crime carried out at the expense of a company

liberation thesis

women are free from patriarchy, allowed creation of ladettes

weak attachment theory

poor attachment to family leads to deviant behaviours, like being in care or abusive home

compensatory masculinity

men react to having masculinity questioned by demonstrating extreme masculine behaviours

accommodating masculinity

white mc boys adopt this to get educational success

oppositional masculinity

men who can’t get hegemonic masculinity may adopt aggressive behaviour as a reaction to what they can’t attain

ecocentric

valuing nature for itself, everything is equal

anthropocentric

humans have a right to exploit the resources of the planet as they are superior

green crime

crimes against environment

transnational organised crime

organised crime that is across more than one country and involves various criminal activities

globalisation

increasing interconnectedness of societies through trade, communication, and cultural exchange.

canteen culture

people working in a particular workplace can develop a shared set of values and prejudices

low discretion

police have reason to stop based upon specific evidence

high discretion

police chose to stop someone, stereotypes can occur

ethnicity

group defined by race, religion, national origin and shares common cultural heritage

marginalisation

exclusion of individuals or groups from mainstream society

victimology

study of the victims of rime and the psychological, primary and secondary effects of their experience

primary victimisation

immediate suffering of a criminal act experienced by victim

secondary victimisation

negative attitudes a victim receives from police, judges, media and public after primary victimisation

gendered crime

crime commit agasint females due to their gender

waves of harm

crimes can affect victims family or strangers by causing fear when in similar circumstances

displacement

attempt to prevent crime in one area causes the crime to move to a different area

halo effect

mc students do better due to teachers having higher expectations for them due to their cultural capital and habitus

integrated theory

state crime comes from similar circumstances to other crimes, like street crime

crimes of obedience

state crimes are usually authorised, routinised and involve dehumanisation, so are seen as less deviant