Stages and Needs of Human Life, Role of Pharmacy Services and Vital Signs

Flashcards of vocabulary from lecture notes related to stages and needs of human life, the role of pharmacy services in the healthcare system and vital signs.

Human Development

A process that begins at birth and continues until death.

Infancy

The stage of human life from birth to 1 year.

Early Childhood

The stage of human life from 1 to 6 years.

Late Childhood

The stage of human life from 6 to 12 years.

Adolescence

The stage of human life from 12 to 20 years.

Early Adulthood

The stage of human life from 20 to 40 years.

Middle Adulthood

The stage of human life from 40 to 65 years.

Late Adulthood

The stage of human life from 65 years and up.

Physical Development

Refers to body growth and includes height and weight changes, muscle and nerve development, and changes in the body organs.

Mental Development

Refers to the development of the mind and includes learning how to solve problems, make judgments, and deal with situations.

Emotional Development

Refers to feelings and includes dealing with love, hate, joy, fear, excitement, and other similar feelings.

Social Development

Refers to interactions and relationships with other people.

Infantile Growth Spurt

A period when a child's height rapidly increases during infancy.

Reflex Action

Automatic responses present at birth, indicating nervous system health.

Moro Reflex

Startle response in infants when losing support or due to loud noise.

Rooting Reflex

Infant turns head when cheek is touched.

Sucking Reflex

Helps with feeding, caused by a slight touch on the lips.

Grasp Reflex

Infants close fingers around objects placed in their hand.

Step Reflex

Infants move legs as if walking when feet touch a surface.

Tonic Neck Reflex

Arm and leg extend on the side the head is turned to.

Postnatal Care

Maintaining body temperature, ensuring proper breathing, and practicing umbilical cord hygiene for infants.

Exclusive Breastfeeding

Providing only breastmilk for the first six months of life, with no other foods or liquids.

Safe Sleep Practices

Promoting back sleeping and using a firm mattress for infants.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

The unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old.

Toddler

A child aged 1-3 years.

Preschool

A child aged 3-5 years.

Nocturnal Enuresis

Bed-wetting or nighttime incontinence, common in early childhood.

Temper Tantrum

An expression of communication used by children to express wants, especially when having difficulty verbalizing feelings.

Juvenile Growth Spurt

Physical development that is slow but steady during late childhood.

Visual Acuity

Sharpness of vision, which is at its best during late childhood.

Pubertal Growth Spurt

Rapid increase in height and weight during adolescence.

Puberty

Development of sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics.

Estrogen

A hormone influencing menstruation onset in females.

Progesterone

A hormone influencing menstruation onset in females.

Testosterone

An androgen influencing sperm production and semen in males.

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Physical characteristics that differentiate male and female individuals, not directly related to reproduction.

Identity vs Role Confusion

Formation of a strong sense of self; “identity crisis” can occur during adolescence.

Dualism

Right vs. wrong thinking in early adulthood.

Multiplicity

Acceptance of uncertainty in early adulthood.

Relativism

Contextual and critical thinking develops in early adulthood.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Solidifying lifelong bonds in young adulthood; forming committed relationships or lifelong friendships.

Menopause

The end of menstruation in females during middle adulthood.

Male Climacteric

Slowing of hormone production in males during middle adulthood.

Andropause

Male menopause, associated with declines in hormone levels like testosterone.

Hypertension

Elevated blood pressure, common during middle adulthood.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Accumulation of plaque in coronary arteries, leading to angina or myocardial infarction.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin resistance often develops, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.

Hyperlipidemia

Elevated cholesterol levels contribute to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A chronic respiratory disease that becomes more prevalent, especially among smokers, during middle adulthood.

Polypharmacy

The use of multiple medications by a single patient, necessitating careful review to prevent adverse drug interactions.

Midlife Crisis

Common between ages 40–60, triggered by awareness of aging and unachieved goals.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

The struggle with societal contributions, experiencing generativity or feelings of stagnation.

Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010

Republic Act No. 9994 in the Philippines, defines a senior citizen as any Filipino citizen who is 60 years old and above.

Cognitive Decline

The decline in mental processing skills.

Polypharmacy

Use of multiple medications, common in older adults.

Ego Integrity

Achieved by older adults who feel fulfilled by their lives, allowing them to face aging and death with peace.

Pharmacist

Integral to the healthcare delivery system, ensuring the safe, effective, and rational use of medications.

Dispensing

The sum of processes performed by a pharmacist from reading, validating, and interpreting prescriptions to counseling.

Patient Counseling

Provision of verbal or written information about drugs and other health-related information by a pharmacist.

Pharmacovigilance

The science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.

Collaborative Practice

A team-based approach in healthcare where pharmacists work in partnership with other health professionals.

Clinical Medication Management

Pharmacists perform in-depth reviews of a patient's medications to ensure therapeutic effectiveness, minimize side effects, and adjust dosages.

Regulatory and Quality Assurance

Ensuring the integrity and safety of the medication supply chain by upholding pharmaceutical laws, standards, and ethical practices.

Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP)

Practices to safeguard drug quality and patient safety.

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)

Practices to safeguard drug quality and patient safety.

Counterfeit Medicines

Medicines that may contain incorrect ingredients, incorrect dosages, or harmful substances.

SSFFC Products

Substandard, Spurious, Falsely Labeled, Falsified, and Counterfeit products.

Substandard

Genuine products that fail to meet quality standards due to manufacturing or handling errors.

Spurious

Products that are deliberately misrepresented as being something else.

Falsely Labeled

Products whose label information is incorrect or misleading.

Falsified

Products with intentional misrepresentation of identity, composition, or source.

Public Health Advocacy

Pharmacists participate in health promotion activities, such as vaccination programs and chronic disease management.

Vaccination programs

Programs in which Pharmacists participate in health promotion activities.

Philippine Pharmacists Association (PPhA)

Oldest and largest professional organization of licensed pharmacists in the Philippines.

Medication Therapy Management (MTM)

Pharmacists review, monitor, and optimize a patient’s medication regimen.

Point-of-Care Testing (POCT)

Pharmacists conduct quick diagnostic tests to aid early detection and monitoring of diseases.

Telepharmacy Services

Using ICT to provide pharmacy services remotely.

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

Pharmacists provide pharmaceutical care, medication access, and logistical support in emergency and disaster settings.

Mitigation

Minimizing the effects of a disaster.

Preparation

How to respond in disaster risk reduction and management.

Response

Efforts to minimize the hazards in disaster risk reduction and management.

Recovery

Returning the community to normal in disaster risk reduction and management.

Vital Signs

Measurements of physiologic functioning, specifically body temperature, pulse, respirations & blood pressure.

Homeostasis

The state of balance within all physical systems needed for a body to function properly and survive.

Systolic Pressure

The pressure of the blood as a result of contraction of the ventricles.

Diastolic Pressure

Pressure when the ventricles are at rest.

Pulse Pressure

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

Hypertension

Aka “High Blood Pressure”. Characterized by increased blood pressure above normal limits for a sustained period of time.

Hypotension

Blood pressure <90/60 mmHg.

Auscultatory method

A blood pressure measurement method that utilizes a sphygmomanometer a cuff, and a stethoscope.

Oscillometric technique

A BP measurement technique wherein pulse waves collected from the cuff during constricted blood flow are analyzed.

Core temperature

The temperature of the deep tissues of the body (internal organs), such as the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity and remains relatively constant.

Surface temperature

The temperature of the skin, subcutaneous tissue & fat.

Hyperpyrexia

Very high fever, such as > 41°C > 42°C leads to death.

Pyrexia

Fever: a body temperature above the normal ranges 38-41°C (100.4-105.8°F).

Hypothermia

body temperature between 34°C - 35°C, < 34°C is death.

Intermittent Fever

The body temp alternates at regular intervals between periods of fever and periods of normal/subnormal temperature.

Remitent Fever

A wide range of temperature fluctuation (more than 2C occurs over 24hr period, all of which are above normal.

Relapsing Fever

Short febrile periods of a few days are interspersed with periods of 1 or 2 days of normal temperature.

Constant Fever

The temperature fluctuates minimally but always remains above normal.