Study Guide: Chapter 10 – How Cells Divide

Flashcards covering key concepts in cell division, including binary fission, eukaryotic cell cycle phases, checkpoints, and cancer.

Purpose of Cell Division

Essential for reproduction, growth, wound healing, and cell replacement.

Binary Fission in Bacteria

Reproduction is clonal, with DNA replication starting at the origin and moving bidirectionally.

Chromosomes

Each species has a specific number of chromosomes, which are made of chromatin: DNA + protein (histones).

Diploid

Having two sets of chromosomes (2n).

Haploid

Having one set of chromosomes (n).

Nucleosomes

DNA wrapped around histones.

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Phases

Includes G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (organelles replicate), M (mitosis), and C (cytokinesis).

Mitosis

A process of cell division with phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Cytokinesis in Animal Cells

Involves cleavage furrow formation by actin filaments.

Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

A cell plate forms between the nuclei.

G1/S Checkpoint

The phase where the cell decides to divide.

G2/M Checkpoint

Checks for the success of DNA replication.

Spindle Checkpoint

Ensures all chromosomes are attached to the spindle before proceeding.

G0 Phase

Cells may exit the cycle if no growth signals are present, remaining dormant or non-dividing.

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell growth due to failed cell cycle control.

Proto-oncogenes

Genes that promote cell division; mutations can lead to cancer.

Tumor-suppressor genes

Genes that inhibit cell division; mutations can prevent control and lead to cancer.