AP BIO FINAL

What is the classification system?

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

What are the properties of water?

surface tension, adhesion/cohesion, polarity, capillary action, high specific heat, density (997kg/m)

What are macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What are monomers and polymers?

monomers- a chemical subunit

polymers- a chain of chemical subunits

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

ER to Golgi to vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

Bacteria and Archaea

What are the protein folding structures?

primary- peptide bond

secondary- alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

tertiary- bonds between R groups (ionic, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonds)

quaternary- multiple polypeptide chains

Explain the characteristics of a cell in an isotonic environment.

A cell in a isotonic environment is one that is in an environment where it neither gains no loses water. Thus meaning the environment is neutral.

What are the nitrogen bases for both DNA & RNA?

DNA: C,G,T,A

RNA: C,G,U,A

In order for a protein to be an integral membrane protein it would have to be

amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region

Water passes quickly through cell membranes because

it moves through aquaporins in the membrane

What is diffusion?

It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?

It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.

The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that

pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis offers more selectivity.

A form of endocytosis in which a one-celled organism takes in a large food particle

phagocytosis

A cell secreting large molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

exocytosis

A form of endocytosis that is specific for a substance in the extracellular fluid

receptor-mediated

Water moving out of a plant cell causes the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall, this is _____ .

plasmolysis

Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?

catabolism

Which term refers to the sum total of all  the chemical reactions that occur in an organism?

metabolism

What is true for anabolic pathways?

They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

anabolic reactions

A chemical reaction that has a positive deltaG is best described as

endergonic

The active site of an enzyme is the region that

is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme (where the reaction takes place.).

Allosteric enzyme regulation is usually associated with

an enzyme with more than one subunit

Which of the following is a term that refers to a metabolic pathway that is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.

negative feedback

What term refers to describe any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site.

allosteric regulation

In plant cells in photosynthesis, the electron transport chain is located in the

thylakoid membrane

In prokaryotes, the respiratory electron transport chain is located

plasma membrane

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or absent?

glycolysis

Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase?

It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP.

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytosol

Carbon dioxide is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?

oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)

Most carbon dioxide from catabolism is released during

the citric acid cycle

What is the molecule that enters the citric acid cycle(Kreb's cycle)?

acetyl CoA

Which process is anaerobic?

glycolysis

Where is the lowest pH due to hydrogen ions found in the plant cell?

thylakoid space

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

synthesize simple sugars in the form of G3P molecules from carbon dioxide

Which of the following does the Calvin cycle need to continue to run?

carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, and Rubisco phosphate (RuBP)

Which is NOT part of the nonspecific immune defense?

antibodies

What white blood cell that recognizes a particular antigen will remain alive and will react rapidly if the antigen ever comes along again?

memory B cells

Where do B cells mature?

bone marrow

Which of the following are not part of the immune system?

red blood cells

Antibodies are what macromolecule?

proteins

What is responsible for humoral immunity?

B cells

An antigen-presenting cell that is also part of innate immunity

macrophages

Which cell specifically attacks a cell that contains a virus?

cytoxic T cells

Where are most T and B cells found?

bone marrow

What are two of the most common second messengers in transduction?

calcium ions and cAMP

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

-70mV

What is the threshold of the action potential of a neuron?

-55mV

A neuron works because there is a membrane potential due to what?

Na+ and K+ ions

REMEMBER

this :)

What are two characteristics of a dendrite?

contains sensory endings and carries an electrical impulse toward the cell body

What releases the neurotransmitter into the synapse?

the action potential opens voltage-gated channels that allow Ca++ across the membrane into the neuron

What type of channel does the neurotransmitter bind to?

ligand-gated ion channel

the ligand and the G-protein-couple receptor activate this

G protein

Which of the following is characterized by a cell releasing a signal molecule into the environment, followed by a number of cells in the immediate vicinity responding?

paracrine signaling

What organism would use quorum sensing?

prokaryotic cell

Many signal transduction pathways use second messengers to

relay the message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm

What is a G protein?

a protein on the cytoplasmic side of a membrane that becomes activated by a receptor protein

What phase is this?

prophase

What phase is this?

metaphase

What phase is this?

telophase

What phase is this?

anaphase

Name of chromosomes that have a replicated copy held together by a centromere.

sister chromatids

All of the DNA of a cell is referred to as the

genome

Normal cells that must be attached to a substratum like the extracellular matrix of a tissue.

anchorage dependency

Human have 46 chromosomes. That number of chromosomes will be found

somatic cells