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Africa Geography
Large continent
few harbors
sahara desert
The southern edge of the expanding Sahara is called the Sahel
Rainforests found near central part of continent
Northern coast and southern tip of Africa have Mediterranean climates
Savannas, or grasslands cover almost half of Africa
Role of Women Africa
Gathered while men hunted
Aksum
located in Eritrea and Ethiopia
South of Kush
Horn of Africa
Also crossed Red Sea and controlled lands is southwest Arabian peninsula
Zoskales: first Aksum king
Bantu
Bantu language group
Nigeria
First language of nearly 1/3 of Africans
Swahili - most commonly - blends Bantu with Persian and Arabic
Introduced cultivation of crops and ironworking
domestication of animals
As they migrated they settled into rural self-sufficient communities
Caused territorial wars
exchanged ideas of ironworking
intermarriage
influenced political and social organization
Hunter gatherer
Men hunt and women gather
Mali
From 600–200 BCE, cities begin to develop near rivers, oases
Djenné-Djeno : Africa’s oldest known CITY (250 BC), - Bustling trade center; linked West African Towns camel trade routes
1235 Mali kingdom emerged
Means “where the king lives”
Sundiata
Niani – capital and center of trade
Mansa Musa
One of the richest and most powerful rulers in Mali and the world
encouraged spread of Islam
Many leaders prior to him converted and built mosques
Completed a hajj
Considered the wealthiest man in the world
Strong military leader
100,000 man army kept order and protected Mali from attack
Nomads
communities who move from place to place as a way of obtaining food, finding pasture for livestock, or otherwise making a livin
Earliest people are nomadic hunter-gatherers
Herders drive animals to find water, graze pastures
Transition to a Settled Lifestyle
Agriculture probably develops by 6000 B.C
As the Sahara dried up, farmers move to West Africa or Nile Valley
Agriculture allows permanent settlement governments to develop
Sahara
Huge desert in Africa
southern edge called Sahel
India Geography
Subcontinent: a large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent
Fertile land
Good for farming
Mountainous
Hindi Kush, Himalayan Mountain ranges
For protection
desert to the east
Indo-Gangetic plain
Indus and Ganges rivers
Role of Women India
afraid they’d distract from duties
Brahma
creator
Buddhism
Founder: Siddhartha
4 noble truths
All life is suffering
Cause of suffering is desire for riches
Only cure for suffering is breaking the cycle and overcome desire
Overcome desire by following 8 fold path
8 fold path
Right beliefs
right alms or intentions
right speech
right conduct
right work
right effort
right thinking
right concentration
Moksha: Free from the cycle of rebirth; the ultimate goal is nirvana, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth
Caste system
The growth of the social system was the concept of superiority of Aryan people over their indigenous subjects
An issue of color (race), was only the physical sign of a division based on economic functions
Class or varna determined one’s occupation and status in society
Dalits (untouchables): street sweeper, clean up human/ animal waste, deal with dead bodies (out castes), NOT PART OF THE CASTE SYSTEM
Sudra: Farm workers, unskilled workers, servants #4
Vaisyas: Merchants, craftsman, landowners, skilled workers #3
Kshatriyas: Kings/ruler, warriors #2
Brahmins: priests #1
Chandra Gupta II
height of the Gupta Empire
defeated the Shakas
Gave them access to the coast
helped with trade on Mediterranean
negotiated peaceful expansion through marriage alliances
achievements in art, religion, and science
After his death India was divided into separate kingdoms
invaded by Hunas (related to the Huns)
Chandragupta Maurya
Born in Mahajanapada of Magadha in Northern India
Raised an army and defeated the King of Magadha
Continued into the Kingdom of Seleucus
took over Alexander’s empire
By 303 BC his empire was 2000 miles long, and united Northern India for the first time ever = Mauryan Empire
Dharma
the religious and moral duties of an individual
criteria for making your daily choices
contentment, forgiveness, self-restraint, understanding right from wrong
depends on your family, livelihood, and other factors
Hinduism
No founder
Gods
Atman: All living things have a spirit/soul
Samsara: cycle of birth, life, death, rebirth
Karma and dharma
Vedas *holy texts)
Animal worship
Temple worship
Moksha: liberation from samsara, salvation, the goal but many know they may not achieve, nirvana (becoming one with Brahman)
Indo-Aryans
crossed into India 2000 BC
Vedas: prayers, hymns, spells, and rituals
used as a foundation of Hinduism
Caste System
Varnas: skin color
Kingdoms
Magadha
Karma
actions in this life that affect the next life
refers to the law of cause and effect i.e. actions and their consequences
decides where you come back and what you come back as
Middle way
a middle road between a life devoted to pleasure and a life of harsh self denial
Moksha
(hinduism)
Liberation - from samsara: the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth
Salvation - of the soul which is rescued from the material world and delivered into the spiritual
The Goal - of Hindus who eventually hope to achieve moksha. Though many accept this might not happen for their next rebirth they aim to produce positive karma in the hope of a good rebirth that might be a little closer to moksha
Nirvana - Becoming one with Brahman. This is a state of enlightenment
(Buddhism)
Free from the cycle of rebirth; the ultimate goal is nirvana, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth
Reincarnation
(hinduism)
‘Re’ means ‘again’
‘in’ means ‘in’ (!)
‘carn’ means ‘flesh’
So the whole word means ‘again in flesh’.
Rebirth might sound like a good thing but actually, Hindus believe that going around and around in the cycle of Samsara is keeping our souls (atman) trapped in the material world
Brahmins are closest to ultimate release from wheel of life, followed in descending order y the other classes in human society and animal kingdom
(Buddhism)
Prefer the term rebirth
Shiva
destroyer
Siddhartha Gautama
born around 563 BC, in northern India
Was born a prince and lived in a kingdom all of his life, because his gather believed the world was so corrupt
Lived his life in luxury, but became unhappy with never being outside
He married his cousin and has a child, but one day, he left the confines of the palace to wander outside when he was about 29
Varnas
skin color
Vishnu
preserver or renewer
China Geography
Around the 8th Century BCE, early peoples began to cultivate crops along riverbanks in both northern and central China
Yellow River (Huang He), Yangtze River (Chang Jiang)
Loess soil made the soil fertile
Cultivated millet, barley, wheat and rice
Little more than 12 percent of China’s land is arable
The remainder consists of mountains and deserts
Served as barriers to isolate China 🡪 Believed they were the center of the world
Any contact with Mongols and Indo-Europeans was distrust and conflict
The military was strongest when the country was united
Role of Women China
Ban Zhao
Woman (new for the time)
wrote a guide that told women to be humble and obedient but also hard-working
Confucianism (women)
devote themselves to their families
they made important contributions to their family's economic life
duties at home
work in the fields/family farm
Upper-Class Women
few empresses had great power
Women in Aristocratic/landowning families sometimes pursued education and culture
some ran small shops, others practiced medicine
Daoist → Buddhist
nuns could get educated and have lived apart from their families
5 relationships
Ruler and subject
father and son
husband and wife
Older brother to younger brother
Friend and friend
Code of proper conduct for each relationship
Confucianism
Founder: Confucius
Ethical system
Based on right and wrong
Based on 5 relationships
Dao: keeping proper behavior
Ceremonies: birth, capping, marriage, feasting, mourning rites, sacrifices
Confucius
a great philosopher, born in 551 BCE, that distinguished himself as a disgruntled political and social commentator
His teachings were somewhat revolutionary
If human beings could act harmoniously in accordance with the purpose of the universe, they would prosper in their own affairs
Daoism
Founded by laozi
Life revolves their belief around nature and all things in it
Not hurting anything in nature (must keep harmony)
Yin and yang
Temple worship
Nonviolence
Early times women had a lot of respect because they created life but later they were only to work at home and do household chores
Dynastic Cycle
used to describe a pattern of the rise and fall of dynasties in China. The Mandate of Heaven is an important part of this. It is the right bestowed by the gods to rule over
Xia
Ruled by king yu
Developed irrigation
Shang
Capital: anyang
Social classes very divided
Respect towards parents
Writing system
Based on syllable
Zhou
longest dynasty
Capital: Xian
Feudalism
Mandate of heaven and dynastic cycle
Emperor was a representative of heaven
Advancements: Water control projects, farming (iron plows, fertilizer), wet rice, development of the silk road
Qin
Shi Huangdi
Autocracy
government that has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner
Advancements: irrigation, highway, trade, great wall, terracotta soldier
Harsh taxes, repressive government, human freedom restrained
Han
Liu bang, Empress Lu & Wudi
Left legalism behind
Bureaucracy
Advancements: paper, silk mills, collar for horses, improved iron tools
Fall: rich take advantage of poor, wang mang overthrows, split into 3 rival kingdoms
Empress Lu
Liu bang’s wife
Powerful friends at court
Outlived her son
Her children were too young to have power, so she ruled
Died in 180 BC
Liu Bang’s family came back to power
Executed empress’s relatives (this occurs often)
The favorite wife is usually empress after emperor dies and one son is a successor
Feudalism
A political system in which nobles or lords are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king.
Life for the average farmer was difficult due to arduous labor and high taxes.
Trade and manufacturing were carried out by merchants and artisans, but they lived in towns under the direct control of the local lord and were considered property
Menial tasks were likely performed by a class of slaves (criminals/prisoners of war)
Filial piety
the idea of respecting your father/ ancestors. the primary duty of all Chinese. Being a filial (obedient) son meant complete obedience to one's parents during their lifetime and--as they grew older--taking the best possible care of them.
Laozi
“the elder”; legendary - no real evidence of his existence
Legalism
strict, literal, or excessive conformity to the law or to a religious or moral code
Shi Huangdi
Policy called “strengthening the trunk and weakening the branches”
uprooted 120,000 noble families
China carved into 36 administrative districts
Established an autocracy–a government that has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner
Murdered hundreds of Confucian scholars
Burned “useless” books–the works of Confucian thinkers and poets who disagreed with Legalists
Irrigation projects increased farm production
Highway network of more than 4,000 miles
Trade blossomed
Pushed a new class of merchants into prominence
Overall, Qin regime was unpopular
Harsh taxes
Repressive government
Restraint of human freedom
Yin and yang
an ancient Chinese idea states that everything in the world results from a balance between two forces
natural rhythms of life
believes that everything has an opposite
If someone was born a boy they believe somewhere else was born a girl
Middle Ages Role of Women
Noblewoman
Could inherit estate from her husband
landowner
Could send knights
Could be a warrior to defend land while their husband was away at war
Domestic duties
Pious
Educated by tutors
Peasant
Laborers
Worked side by side with their husbands/family
Domestic duties
Poor and powerless
could have fief as dowry
when the married husband gained control of the fief
when the husband died, the woman regained control of her fief
Marriage was seen as a way to advance one’s fortune
Battle of Hastings
Oct 14, 1066
Between Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy and the english army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson
Edward Confessor (King of England) = childless; when he died, Harold Godwin proclaimed king
William (cousin of edward) disputed this as it is said that Edward had promised to make him king
Harold killed during the one-day battle and all of his forces destroyed
William becomes king- First Norman king, Anglo-Saxon phase of English history comes to an end
French was spoken in England’s courts as william did not speak english
Infused worlds and gave birth to modern english
Black Death
Causes
Yersinia pestis—travel on fleas and rats
poor nutrition in people
famine
low living standards
Symptoms
Sneezing
high fever
swollen lymph nodes—oozing fluids
skin turning black
vomiting
aches and pains
Attempts to Stop the Plague
A doctor's robe
“leeching” bleeding them out
Flagellanti: self-inflicted “penance” for our sins
Pogroms against the Jews
“Jew” hat
“Golden Circle” obligatory badge
Mortality Rate
35-75%
25 million died
Effects of the Black Death
Negative
trade declined
population decreased
death toll
people fled cities
lard percentage of population died
change in political power
wages rise
lack of of resources
Positive
Stronger/ healthier population left
Charlemagne
Pepin the short’s son
spread Christian teachings throughout Europe
forced people to convert
Pope confirmed = God confirmed
Monarchs from this point on sought confirmation from the Pope
Emperor of the Romans
Crusades
1097-1291
Result of the First Crusade:
Christians captured Jerusalem
Set up 4 feudal states
Result of the Second Crusade:
France and Germany lost Damascus to Muslims
Leaders: King Louis VII (France) and King Conrad III (Germany)
Result of the Third Crusade:
Truce
Muslims remained in control
Christians had control of some towns in Palestine
Christians were allowed to enter Jerusalem freely
Result of the Fourth Crusade:
attacked Zadar in Italy
Zadar was a Christian city
attack on Egypt
Dark Ages
Approx. 400-1000
Many things revert back to the way they were before the roman empire
Causes
Disruption of trade
Fall of cities
Population shifts
Decline of learning
Loss of learning
Early to High Middle Ages – differences
Early
Byzantine empire
Clovis, Charlemagne and the Franks
Feudalism
Chivalry
religion was strong
High
Black plague
Hundred years war
Schism – within catholicism
Crusades
Education changes
More “state” government
trade
Effects of Roman Empire Decline
Disruption of trade
fall of cities
population shifts
decline in learning
loss of language
Excommunication
to officially banish someone from their church
Feudal pyramid
King and queen
Church officials
Nobles
Knights
Peasants
Feudalism
political organization
based on owning and working of land (fief)
fief was hereditary
primogeniture—inheritance of father to eldest son
Women could have fief as dowry
when the married husband gained control of the fief
when the husband died, the woman regained control of her fief
Marriage was seen as a way to advance one’s fortune
Great Schism
French
Clement VII
Excommunicated Urban
Lived in Avignon
Roman
Urban VI
Excommunicated Clement
Lived in Rome
Arrogant
Passion for Reform
3rd pope selected at Council of Pisa
1414 Council of Constance ended Schism by forcing all the popes to resign and selecting Martin V
Guild
Organization of individuals in the same occupations working to improve the economic and social conditions of the members
Merchant— control number of goods, security
craft— standards for quality of work, wages, and working conditions
Hundred Years War
War launched due to Edward III claiming the right to the French throne
English used longbow
Made medieval knight extinct
Won Battle of Crecy, Battle of Poitiers, and Battle of Agincourt
1420: English and French signed treaty stating Henry V would inherit the throne after French king Charles VI death
Interdict
closing of church in region
Manor
large farming estate
Manor houses, cultivated land, woodlands, pastures, fields, and villages
Self-sufficient
Nobles lived in castles which were used as forts
Manorial system
Lord owned land and peasants worked the land
Serf life
Difficult due to hard work
Could not leave without lords permission
Rarely ate meat
Life span was very short
Monasticism
regular clergy
male monks
female nuns- not considered clergy because on men could
Withdraw from the world and its temptation to live a christian life
Monks- monasteries
Nuns- convents
Fasting, prayer, and self denial
Lived alone
Inflict extreme physical suffering
Pope vs. King for power
Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Phillip IV of France
Kings must always obey popes
“My master’s sword is made of steel, the pope’s is made of words”
Pope put into jail and dies a month later
Philip IV persuaded cardinals to choose a French pope
Clement V
Moves pope to Avignon in France.
Stays for 69 years
Weakens the Church
Saladin
Third crusade
Muslim leader
helped with 2nd Crusade
gained control of Jerusalem
Serf
Difficult due to hard work
Could not leave without lords permission
Rarely ate meat
Life span was very short
Urban II
Pope
called for a Holy War —Crusades
War to protect the Holy Land (Constantinople is a part)
Reunite Christian empires
help Christian pilgrims
Vikings
Scandinavia
Sea warriors
known for ships
Leif Ericson
discovered North America first
Magyars and Muslims also invaded
people were in constant danger
William of Normandy
Leader of the Normans
battle of Hastings: took over England
gave land to Norman Lords for loyalty
Role of Women Renaissance
Upper class
Educated in the classics
charming
Do not seek fame
inspire art but not create it
Little influence in politics
Characteristics of the Renaissance
Creativity in art, writing, and thought
Humanism: importance of the individual and their potential
Studies of Ancient Greek and Roman literature
verify through investigation
emphasized education
joy in life without offending God
secular: worldly
influences artists and architects
Thriving urban lifestyle
Wealthy merchant class
political
Council of Trent
meeting of high Church officials that issues decrees unifying the structure of the Church under acknowledged supremacy of popes
Also, reaffirmed certain Catholic teachings
Inquisitions
Elizabeth I
England
Daughter of Henry VIII
The red-haired daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
She became England’s greatest leader.
She kept control of England by refusing to marry anyone and playing one noble against another – many hoping to marry the Queen.
She kept religious wars down, advanced exploration, became a patron of the arts, and brought England to the position of world power with the defeat of the Spanish Armada
Estates General
First: Church leaders
Second: lords
Third: Commoners, wealthy landowners, or merchants
Helped increase royals’ power Causes of the French Revolution
Henry VIII
Anglicanism
The English Reformation rooted in politics. When the pope was unwilling to grant King Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage, Henry turned to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmore, who did annul the marriage in 1533 CE
Henry is famously known for having 6 wives
In 1534 CE, the Act of Supremacy, decreed the king as the supreme ruler of the Church of England
Henry banned the Catholic Church, seized all of the property of the Catholic Church and increased the wealth of England
father of Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I
Humanism
importance of the individual and their potential
Joan of Arc
French teenage peasant girl (13)
Moved by God to rescue France from England
Visions and voices from saints
May 7, 1429 Joan led French army in Battle of Orleans
French won
Charles VII became king of France
Joan was captured by Burgundians (allies of England)
Condemned as a witch by the Church
Burned at the stake May 30, 1431
Charles VII did nothing to rescue her
John Calvin
Published the first edition of Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536 CE - a synthesis of Protestant philosophy
Emphasized the absolute sovereignty of God, from which he derived the concept of predestination
The the elected were saved, the sinner were damned and this was determined before birth
Reformed the city of Geneva
Strict religious life Missionaries trained in Geneva traveled to other parts of Europe where they established Calvinism. Known as Huguenots
Martin Luther
German monk and professor at the University of witten berg
Luther determined that humans could never do enough good work to merit salvation but only through justification by grace through “faith alone”
do goods works because a “saved” Christian would have a natural inclination to be charitable
Parliament
King Edward I
Summoned 2 burgesses from every borough and 2 knights from every county
Burgess: citizens of wealth and property
For the next century burgesses and knights were called together to discuss new taxes
checks and balances in royal power
Printing press
Johannes Gutenberg
copies of the bible
threatened job of scribes
Protestant Reformation
Luther was ordered to recant his heresies, which he refused and he was secreted away to go into hiding for several months
During the next several years, many territorial churches in Germany became Lutheran churches and the German states had grown independent of imperial authority Until Lutheranism was too well-established to eradicate
In 1555 CE, Charles V negotiated a truce with the Lutheran German princes
The Peace of Augsburg
Renaissance
Rebirth of the ancient Greek and Roman art and learning
Role of Women Enlightenment
Women's education should be based on the duties of the home
Reading would cause idleness and wickedness
some supported equality in marriage
Age of Reason
what the Enlightenment was known as; another name for the enlightenment
Enlightenment
Intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of an individual to solve problem
John Locke
English philosopher
Questioned the role of government
More positive view
people could learn from experience and improve themselves
Human rights — life liberty and property
right to overthrow the government if they don’t protect these rights
Major ideas of the Enlightenment
Reason: truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking, called rationalism
Nature: what was natural was good and reasonable, natural rights
Happiness: urged people to seek well being on Earth.
Progress: society and humankind could improve
Liberty: spread the liberties from the Glorious Revolution and English Bill of Rights – representative government, fair taxes, rights guaranteed to the people
Salon
social gatherings of young thinkers from around the world in the 1700s, hosted by a wealthy woman in Paris. They discussed many of the Enlightenment ideas
Thomas Hobbes
English philosophers
Questioned the role of government
Leviathan
Humans selfish and wicked
hand over rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order (social contract)
Absolute monarchy – impose order and demand obedience
Autocracy
a government that has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner
Bureaucracy
the people in a government system who help get everything done
“do the stuff”
ex: the person who writes the speech for the president
can be in ANY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
Democracy
control of a government by the majority of its members
Empire
an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress
Limited constitutional monarchy
Government in which there is a monarch and representative body. Power is shared between the two and is divided in official documents
Theocracy
system of government run by religious leaders
Vernacular
the common language in an area; people could read for themselves and interpret for themselves
Importance of Constantinople
at the Center Byzantine empire
Present day istanbul
In a place where it could control trade (all trade goes through)
Eastern part of Rome remained as the Byzantine Empire
Justinian
Justinian Code – updated laws based on Roman
Strong and capital
Part of the Holy Land
Advancements
Africa
Ironworking
Written Language: Ge’ez
Minted Coins
Pillars of Aksum
India
Bollywood
Calendar based on the sun
Plastic surgery
Pi
China
Irrigation
Writing system
Fertilizer
Great wall
Middle Ages
School run by monks
Horse power
Vernacular
3-field system
Renaissance/ Reformation
realistic scenes and images
perspective
Printing press
realism
Role of the Church
Church provides security during chaos
small Germanic communities developed
no written laws
based on traditions
Gregory I
King and Pope
Secular; worldly = spiritual and political
used church money to create army, help poor, repair roads
Pope controlled region