1. introduction to public and global health

what are the 6 dimensions of health

1. spiritual

• could mean faith, belief or morals

  • good: making a difference through religion/beliefs

  • bad: cause harm to others

2. social

• how we interact with others

  • good: maintaining good relationships with people you trust

  • bad: only communicating via handling and being anti-social

3. physical

• keeping your body in top physical condition

  • good: seeing a doctor regularly for check-ups

  • bad: eating unhealthily (obesity & health problems)

4. environmental

• keeping the earth clean and healthy

  • good: recycling regularly

  • bad: pollution and haze

5. emotional

• awareness and acceptance of our feelings

  • good: strong self-esteem

  • bad: lashing out at people who care

6. mental

• keeping your mental health in check

  • good: reduce and relief stress regularly

  • bad: eating unhealthily (obesity and health problems)

what are the determinants of health

• it refers to all factors that have a significant influence, whether positive or negative, on health

• some factors very directly influence health while others are much more indirect

what are risk factors

• any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury

what are social determinants

the broader set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life which in turn influence health

how do social determinants of health have an important influence in health inequities

• the unfair and avoidable differences in heath status seen within and between countries

• in all countries at all levels of income, the lower socioeconomic positions the worse the health outcomes

what is the difference between public health and global health

public health:

• geography: focus on specific communities or countries

• cooperation: national

• populations: prevention

• access: health equity within a nation or community

• disciplines: highly interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary

global health:

• geography: health issues that transcend national boundaries

• cooperation: global

• populations: prevention and clinical care

• access: health equity among nations

• disciplines: highly interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary

what are essential public and global health activities

1. monitor and evaluate

2. inform, educate and empower

3. create and mobilize partnerships

4. guide policy, law, regulation

5. ensure adequate access to care

6. research and innovate

7. implement and intervene

why is global health important

• ethical dimension

• productivity of individuals/countries

• economic and social development

• global security implications

• huge expenditure by individuals and governments

• interconnectedness — health of anyone is the health of everyone

who are the key actors in global health

1. world health organisation

• lead some of the world’s most important cooperative efforts in health

2. UNICEF

• main function to enhance the health and well-being of women and children

3. UNAIDS

• primarily responsible for dealing with HIV/AIDS

4. world bank

• assist countries in improving the lives of the lives of their people and reducing poverty

what are types of global health data

1. data sources

• WHO

• World Bank

• Our World in Data

• Gap under

• Other international organizations

2. data types

• key health indicators

• other health indicators

3. data analysis

• average based on certain regions

• zoom in and out of countries/regions

what are the 6 WHO geographic regions

• AMRO (Americas)

• EURO (Europe)

• AFRO (Africa)

• EMRO (Eastern Mediterranean)

• SEARO (South-East Asia)

• WPRO (West Pacific)

what are the 7 world bank geographic regions

• North America

• Latin America And Caribbean

• Sub-Saharan Africa

• Middle East & North Africa

• South Asia

• East Asia & Pacific

what are the 4 world bank income groups

• high income

• upper middle income

• lower middle income

• low income

what are the other regional designations

1. developed vs developing

2. global north vs global south

3. oecd countries

what are some key health status indicators

• life expectancy at birth

  • the avg number of years a newborn baby could expect to life if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborn’s life

  • the most commonly used indicator of health status

• maternal mortality ratio

  • the number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year

  • a measure of death that is associated with childbirth; these deaths are rarer than infant and child death

• neonatal mortality rate

  • number of deaths to infants under.28 days of age in a given year per 1,000 live births in that year

• infant mortality rate

  • the number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year

• under-5 mortality rate (ie child mortality rate):

  • the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5, expressed a number per 1,000 live births

why are there gaps in global health data

• many low income countries (LIC) and lower middle income countries (LMIC) lack a vital registration system to accurately record births, deaths, and causes of death

• may be cultural barriers to timely vital registration