Sociology Final

Deviance

any violation of norms (values, folkways)

Durkheim on deviance

is is a “cultural universal” and therefore must serve society, that it, it must be functional.

social strain

tension between desiring & attaining material success

anomie

when normlessness & rule-breaking become common

List the functions of deviance in society

clarifies rules, facilitates social change, brings about better adaptations (opens doors) and unifies a population against the deviant

______________________may result in deviance, specifically when, in order to achieve success, social norms are violated or circumnavigated (i.e. double-crossing a business partner, cheating shareholders, etc.)

social strain

anomic society

society in which commonly shared ideas about what is right and wrong begin to erode and deviance becomes the norm. Little moral guidance for the individual.

Robert Merton

Social Strain Theory

Social Strain Theory by Robert Merton posits that there are 5 adaptations to Durkheim’s Social Strain. List them

Conformist, Innovator, Ritualist, Retreatist, Rebel

Conformist

non-deviant, values means and goals

Innovator

the criminal deviant, places no value on means, but does place value on goals

Ritualist

deviant, but not criminal. Places value on means, but no value on goals.

Retreatist

the escapist, no work, no money, possible users & addicts

Rebel

deviant, may or may not place value or means or goals.

Name socially prescribed means to achieve success

education, deferred gratification, saving money, paying dues, working your way up

Name socially prescribed goals

material or economic success, security

Not motivated by money, but by hard work

Ritualist

Cloward & Ohlin

Illegitimate Opportunity Theory

According to Cloward and Ohlin, for criminal activity to occur, there must be a what 2 things?

opportunity to accomplish illegally, what can’t be accomplished legally and a connection to the criminal underworld.

3 Types of Juvenile Delinquent Subcultures, according to Cloward & Ohlin

Innovator, Retreatist, and Rebel

The innovator type of juvenile delinquent subculture

criminal gangs who steal cars, burglarize, stage armed robberies. Criminal ideation

The retreatist type of juvenile delinquent subculture

criminal activities that focus their attention on substance abuse and dealing drugs.

The Rebel type of juvenile delinquent subculture

criminal groups who stage insurgent activities against the government and/or businesses

Hirschi’s Social Bonds Theory

references bonds with members of your community such as school, family, work, etc. and states that when these bonds are weak or broken, the likelihood of deviance goes up.

Travis Hirschi

structural functionalist- Social Bonds Theory

Edwin Sutherland

symbolic interactionist- Differential Association Theory

Differential Association Theory

states behavior is learned, therefore deviance is learned from contact with others, through socialization, the same way that conformity is.

This aspect is very powerful on deviance and conformity

peer influence

nothing

According to Edwin Lemert in his Social Definitions Theory, _________ is inherently deviant.

Socially defined

According to Edwin Lemert in his Social Definitions Theory, for a phenomenon to be seen as deviant, it must first be_______________________ as such

To commit criminal deviance, one must first learn from others these:

motivations, techniques, methods of liquidation, and rationalizations

deviance

According to Edwin Lemert’s Social Definitions Theory, ____________cannot occur external to a social context

If you have a close, long, intense relationship with one who favors _________________ over _________________, the more likely you are to accept that as a normal part of behavior

deviance over conformity

defined

According to Edwin Lemert in his Social Definitions Theory, deviance must be socially ________

Primary deviance

low level deviance like underage drinking, using a fake ID, etc.

secondary deviance

career crime, often started by getting caught in primary deviance, a response to the negative consequences of labelling

Howard Becker

known for “Labeling Theory.” Wrote a book called Outsiders

National Drug Policy Advisor to Jimmy Carter

Howard Becker

Labeling Theory

process by which a person moves from primary to secondary deviance in a step-wise manner, and consequently, the state confers a “deviant label” upon the individual. (Becker)

The labeling process

getting caught (release, citation or arrest)

arraignment (charges brought or not, Bail set, released or jail)

Public Identification in the media

Trial (mistrial, acquittal, incarceration)

incarceration (total institution)

When “labelled,” innocent people will often _________________the new label and adopt _______________ behavior

accept, deviant

socially constructed category based on external physical characteristics such as skin color and/or features.

Race

Ethnicity

shared cultural heritage, nationality,

Race is a scientifically problematic concept, but important because people have attributed __________________ to the idea and believe it to be real.

significance

The Thomas Theorum

a situation defined as “real” is real in it’s consequences

ideology

justification for an existing or desired set of power relations

Racism is an idea rooted in ___________

colonialism

Racism is most prevalent in societies that have a ______________ history

colonial

The dominant group and the minority group is not determined by ______________ but by social _________________.

population size

power

The dominant group enjoys ______________

power

the minority group is the ___________group

subordinate

Categorical prejudice

people judged on the basis of their membership in some group rather than individual characteristics

prejudice

negative attitude based on faulty generalizations & stereotyping

stereotype

to apply the least favorable aspects of a small group to a larger group. Exaggerated, untrue generalizations about categories of people that do not take individualism into account.

Inflexible prejudice

prejudgements only become prejudices if they are not reversible when exposed to new knowledge (example: when friends are the exception to the rule)

Negative prejudice

specific traits ascribed to target groups are inferior & socially undesirable (ethnocentricity)

“Jewish people are shrewd & greedy”

“blacks are lazy”

“Italians are loud-mouths”

are all examples of________________.

stereotypes

scapegoat

in individual or group of people falsely blamed for a negative situation (textbook definition)

Ethnic prejudice is typically an example of a faulty ______________

generalization

Faulty generalizations are as ________________ as valid generalizations are useful.

harmful

common patterns of thought we all use regularly, generalizations

stereotypes

prejudgement

Ways the Mass Media acts as purveyors of ethnic stereotypes

commercials, programs, music, percentage of minority actors, percentage of programs geared toward minorities

“When encountering a situation, person, or group with whom we lack familiarity, its is normal for us to call up _______________ from our memories on similar experiences we have had in the past.” Who stated this?

pre-stored information

Garfinkle

Emory Bogardus

Social Distance and the Social Distance Scale

discrimination

actions & practices of dominant group members that negatively impact members of subordinate racial & ethnic groups and/or theor property

structural discrimination

actions of institutions that harmfully impact member s of subordinate groups

What is the largest minority group in the USA?

women

passive discrimantion

not standing against discrimination

Bogardus’ Social Distance Scale indicates your willingness to interact with members of a particular group based on lowering degrees of_____________________

social intimacy (how close they are to you on a personal level)

Structural Discrimination is also referred to a ______________________

Indirect Institutional Discrimination

Characteristics of Structural Discrimination

unintentional, covert, passively favor the interests of the more powerful in society to preserve status quo

_______________________ are based on widely shared values and their related norms.

Institutions

Based on our normative structures, disadvantaged groups rarely receive fair and equal treatment in these arenas:

family, economy, education system, workplace

___________________is the primary value in our society

materialism

Norms protect ___________________ from those who _________________

those who have

have less/none

Frustration/Aggression Hypothesis

when frustrated people respond with aggression and hostility toward a scapegoat

person or group least capable of resisting the hostility of others

scapegoat (Castro’s definition)

The Authoritarian Personality

guilty of rigid stereotyping, superstitious, tuned in to authority, insists on conformity, intolerant of non-conformity

The Authoritarian Personality is correlated with ___________

racism

Social Learning Theory

learned by socialization, learned prejudice

Since our society’s values are united by an underpinning of materialism as our primary value, even the most basic normative structures favor the interests of those who___________

have

Reference Group

people tend to take on the attitudes of the groups with whom they most closely identify (differential association theory)

Conflict Theorists on Prejudice & Discrimination

Bernard & Newman

According to conflict theorists, Bernard & Newman, prejudice and discrimination protect and enhance ______________________

dominant group interest

_____________________ stated that prejudice is intentionally fueled by the Capitalist class, that the idea is to ________________ and rule.

Marx

divide

Gerhard Lenski came up with the __________________________

Multidimensional Model of Stratification

Lenski stated that members of ethnic groups are never randomly scattered throughout the economical and political class hierarchies, but tend to ___________________________

cluster at specific points

Colorism

racial discrimination within the African-American community based on skin color

Social Stratification

scientific analysis of social inequality at the macro level (hierarchal arrangement of large groups based on their access to and control over valued resources).

strata

layers

Thorstein Veblen

Theory of the Leisure Class, says that in pre-civilized man, physical prowess determined power

in 2021, _____________________ American were living at or below the poverty line.

38 million

Pecuniary prowess

having to do with money (good with money). The better you are with money, the more social power you have.

conspicuous consumption

buying something to show off wealth. (Lexus vs. Toyota) Status symbols

Theory of the Leisure Class include which 3 areas of wealth?

Recreation, pecuniary prowess and conspicuous consumption

Conflict Theorist Max Weber says people are born with different life _____________

chances

Weber’s “life chances”

Extent to which an individual or group at a particular layer in a social stratification system have access to and/or control over valued resources

social stratification is culture ________________, which means it is functional.

universal

culture universal

fundamental aspects of social life that are common to all human cultures, regardless of geographical or social differences

Open stratification system

movement within the layers/strata is possible