amstud period 1 key terms/proper nouns

land bridge

a strip of land that connects two larger landmasses (in this case siberia + alaska), enabling migration of plants and animals to new areas (now submerged under Bering Sea)

Hohokam (individual, where did they live, what time period, what did they do?)

a sedentary Native American tribe who lived in Arizona (Salt + Gila Rivers) from about 300 B.C. to 1450 CE and used irrigation to bring water to the crops. Cultivated corn, beans, and squash. Disappeared for unknown reasons.

Anasazi (where did they live, what time period, what did they do?)

"Ancient Outsiders" that originated in the Four Corners regions (Utah, CO, NM, AZ). They were sedentary peoples who made elaborate arts and developed kivas, which were pits serving as religious temples. Hunter-gatherers who later adopted maize cultivation. They are the Pueblo Indian ancestors.

pueblos

Tribe located in the Southwest (AZ, NM) who lived in multistoried structures and had extensive agriculture and derived from the Anasazi. They made many arts and had successful revolts against the Spanish.

Hohokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos (amsco wholistic view)

Southwestern (AZ, NM) groups that lived sedentary lifestyles in caves, under cliffs, and in multitoried buildings (pueblos). Used maize cultivation and irrigation systems to gain wealth and develop a more complex society. Before Europeans arrive they had succumbed to environmental challenges.

Mayas

From A.D. 300 to 800, this highly developed civilization built large cities in what is today's southern Mexico and Guatemala. They carried extensive trade, created scientifically accurate calendars, and cultivated maize.

The Aztecs

Several centuries after the decline of the Mayas, in central Mexico, this group created a powerful empire with one of the largest capital cities (Tenochtitlan). They carried out extensive trade, created scientifically accurate calendars, and cultivated maize.

Incas

During Aztec time period, in Peru, this group developed a vast empire in western South America. They carried out extensive trade, created scientifically accurate calendars, and cultivated potatoes.

Algonquian

The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe in the Northeast was one of the largest language families.

Siouan

One of the largest Great Plains language families.

longhouses

long, narrow single-room buildings used for communal dwelling/living

adena-hopewell

A culture spread from the Ohio Valley into New York, which combined hunting and farming, but their techniques exhausted the soil quickly, so they had to move or fresh land frequently. They also constructed numerous burial mounds.

Iroquois Confederation (or the Haudenosauanee)

a powerful political union including several tribes living near the Great Lakes and in New York. From the 16th century through the American Revolution, they battled both American Indian and European rivals. *political structure: Great Law of Peace; each nation had a role and territory*

Woodland mound builders

group of prehistoric cultures known for their construction of large mounds, often for burials/ceremonies and their advanced agriculture. *Key groups include the Adena-Hopewell culture*

gunpowder

Invented by the Chinese in the 9th century, allowed for increased efficiency in colonization as it became used for military expansion in the form of firearms and cannons

sailing compass

During the Renaissance (15th-16th centuries), this invention was adopted from Arab merchants who learned about it from the Chinese. Elevated maritime exploration

printing press

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.

Isabella and Ferdinand

The queen of Castile and king of Aragon married in 1469 thereby uniting Spain. Under their leadership, Spain conquered the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, funded Columbus's voyages and symbolized power for Roman Catholic Europeans.

Christopher Columbus

Funded by Spanish government to find a sea route to Asia, in 1492, he discovered the Americas for Europe, fueling exploration and colonization.

Protestant Reformation

A revolt against the authority of the Catholic pope in Rome. The conflict between the Roman Catholics of Spain and Portugal and the Protestants of England and Holland caused a series of wars and a desire to spread their versions of Christianity across the globe.

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. Succeeded in opening a long sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope.

nation-states

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as a common culture and loyalty to a central government. These monarchs needed trade to bring in revenues and used the church to justify their rule (spain, portugal, france, england, netherlands).

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

An agreement between Portugal and Spain, which moved the pope's line of demarcation* a few degrees west (through Brazil), establishing Portugal's claim to Brazil and Spain the rest of the Americas.

*declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain, and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Roanoke Island

failed colonial settlement in 1587 by English adventurer Sir Walter Raleigh off the NC coast.

horses

Animal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the Great Plains

disease (smallpox + measles)

Europeans brought _______ such as _________ (first human disease, rash) and _________ (fever, rash) to the Native American population, causing a rapid decline in their population

capitalism

an economic system where control of capital (money/machinery) is more important than control of land. fueled by trade and commerce, causing power to shift from large landowners to wealthy merchants.

joint-stock company

a business owned by a large number of investors, so if the voyage failed, investors only lost what they had invested. reduced individual risk and encouraged investment, which promoted economic growth.

Conquistadors

the early Spanish explorers of the new world / conquerers

Hernan cortes

conquered the Aztecs in Mexico

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas and secured Spain's initial supremacy in the Americas.

Encomienda System

it granted Spanish settlers to extract labor from natives in exchange for food and care.

Asiento System

Spanish required people (or foreign entities) to pay a tax to the Spanish king on each enslaved person they imported to Americas.

slave trade

transatlantic transportation by slave traders of enslaved Africans to the Americas (ended in late 1800s)

the middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies (basically the voyage for the slave trade)

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish priest who advocated for better treatment of Indians. Pursuaded the king to institute the New Laws of 1542.

New Laws of 1542

laws instituted by the king of Spain that ended Indian slavery and forced labor, and began the end of the encomienda system.

Valladolid Debate

The debate over the role of Indians in the Spanish Colonies in 1550-1551. Bartolome de Las Casas argued that Indians were human and morally equal to Indians, and enslaving them wasn't justified. Juan Gines de Sepulveda argues that Indians were less than human and benefited from serving in the encomienda system. Las Casas couldn't gain equal treatment, but established the basic arguments on their behalf.

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

In the Valladolid Debate, this Spaniard argued that the American Indians were less than human and that they benefited from serving the Spaniards in the encomienda system.