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King Leopold II
Belgian monarch responsible for personal rule over the Congo, known for exploitation and brutality.
Cixi
Empress of China who supported anti-foreign movements, notably during the Boxer Rebellion.
Sierra Leone
British colony founded as a settlement for freed slaves, established in the late 18th century.
Gold Coast
British colony in West Africa, rich in natural resources, occupied in stages during the 19th century.
Cape Colony
British territory in South Africa, initially seized from the Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars.
Congo Free State
Personal territory of King Leopold II marked by extreme exploitation and violence against indigenous populations.
Abyssinia
Independent African kingdom, modern-day Ethiopia, that resisted European colonization efforts.
Liberia
Founded by freed American slaves in the early 19th century, with a dependent relationship with the U.S.
Ceylon
Island in South Asia, established as a British crown colony known for its tea trade.
Dutch East Indies
Series of islands in Southeast Asia seized by the Dutch in the 17th century for spice trade.
Indochina
Region in Southeast Asia controlled by France, including Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos by the late 19th century.
Malaya
Area in Southeast Asia controlled by the British, known for tin and rubber production.
Siam
Modern Thailand, successfully avoided European colonization through diplomacy and reform.
Australia
British penal colony established in 1788, later became a significant settlement area.
New Zealand
British colony established after the Treaty of Waitangi, securing rights for Māori.
Berlin Conference
1884-1885 meeting of European powers to regulate colonization and trade in Africa.
Treaty of Waitangi
1840 agreement between the British and Māori intended to protect Māori rights.
Scramble for Africa
Period of rapid colonization of Africa by European powers during the late 19th century.
Monroe Doctrine
U.S. policy asserting that European interference in the Americas was unwelcome, announced in 1823.
Manifest Destiny
19th-century belief among Americans that expansion across the continent was justified and inevitable.
Roosevelt Corollary
Extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating the U.S. would intervene in Latin American instability.
Great Game
19th-century geopolitical struggle for power and territory between Britain and Russia in Central Asia.
Concentration Camps
Camps used to detain civilians, notably in the Boer Wars, often under poor conditions.
Penal Colony
Settlement established for convicts, such as those in Australia.
Boer Wars
Conflicts between British forces and Afrikaners in South Africa during the late 19th century.
Seven Years’ War
Global conflict from 1756-1763 impacting European colonial empires, particularly Britain and France.
Taiping Rebellion
Massive civil war in China (1850-1864) led by those opposing Qing rule, resulting in millions of deaths.
Boxer Rebellion
Anti-imperialist uprising in China (1899-1901) targeting foreigners and Chinese Christians.
Spanish-American War
1898 conflict leading to U.S. acquisition of territories from Spain, including the Philippines and Cuba.
Corvée Laborer
Unpaid workers required to perform labor as a form of taxation or service to the state.
Spheres of Influence
Regions where foreign powers held exclusive trading rights and influenced local governance, especially in China.
Settler Colony
Colonies primarily focused on land occupation by settlers leading to indigenous displacement.
East India Company (EIC)
British trading company that gradually gained control over Indian territories in the 18th century.
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
Dutch trading corporation that monopolized spice trade in Southeast Asia before governmental takeover.
Afrikaners
Descendants of Dutch settlers in South Africa, engaged in conflict with indigenous populations and British colonizers.
Māori
Indigenous people of New Zealand, faced colonization and conflict with British settlers.
Colonization Society
19th-century organization promoting the establishment of colonies, particularly for displaced groups.
Indian Territory
Designated area where Native Americans were relocated, often accompanied by harsh conditions like the Trail of Tears.
Trail of Tears
Forced relocation of Native Americans from Southeastern U.S. to designated Indian Territory, resulting in significant suffering.
Tropics
Regions characterized by warm climates, significant during imperial expansions due to resource availability.
Quinine
Medical treatment used to prevent and treat malaria, facilitating European colonization in tropical regions.
Suez Canal
Artificial waterway opened in 1869, significantly shortening shipping routes between Europe and Asia.
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