Heat, thermodynamics, and states of matter; classical mechanics; relativity

What does buoyancy refer to?

The ability of an object to float

What is Archimedes Principle?

A buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the object

What is the density of water?

One gram per cubic centimeter

If an object has more density than water, it will

Sink

If an object has less density than water, it will

Float

What is convection?

Heat transfer that occurs through the movement or circulation of fluid, liquids, or gases

As fluid becomes hotter than surrounding fluid, it becomes

less dense

How is heat transferred away from a source of heat?

To cooler, denser areas

What can we also call heat capacity?

Thermal mass

What is heat capacity?

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of an object

Specific heat capacity

Heat capacity per unit mass

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy is always conserved, indestructible

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A system develops a uniform temperature,

What is the third law of thermodynamics?

Entropy, or the flow of heat, becomes constant as temperature approaches zero

What is work?

The amount of energy expended in accomplishing a goal

How is work measured?

Joules

What is a joule

The force expended by one newton through a distance of one meter

What is the formula for work?

W=fd

How is physical displacement measured?

Meters

What is velocity?

Rate of motion (speed) in a specific direction

Velocity is a

vector

Since velocity is a vector, we need

Magnitude and direction

How is average velocity calculated?

Divide distance traveled by time traveled

What is the equation for velocity?

Distance over time

What does instantaneous velocity refer to?

An object’s velocity at an exact second in time and usually requires the use of calculus

What is acceleration?

The change in velocity of an object

Acceleration is what direction relative to velocity?

Same

Deceleration is what direction relative to velocity?

Opposite

What is physics?

Explanation and description of the ways matter moves

What is displacement?

Change in one location from one to another

How do you calculate displacement?

Final position - original position

What is scalar?

A physical quantity described completely by its magnitude

What is a magnitude?

Distance or quantity of something

What is a vector?

Magnitude and direction

What is gravitational force?

Universal force that causes every object to exert a force on all other objects

How do you calculate gravitational force?

F = (Gravitational constant) * (masses of 2 objects) all divded by distance between squared

What is a wave?

Disturbance, or oscillation, of a medium

What is the angle of incidence?

Causes the wave to be reflected at the angle of refraction

The denser the medium, the wave

travels slower