TEAS Science + Anatomy (WIP)

What are the structures of the conducting zone (respiratory system)?

Nose -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Lungs

What is are the structures of the respiratory zone (respiratory system)?

L+R Bronchus -> Bronchioles -> Aveloar ducts -> Aveloi (Surrounded by capillaries)

What is the area between either lung called?

Medianstinum, where the heart is placed

How many chambers does the left lung have?

2

How many chambers does the RIGHT lung have?

3

What does the diaphram do when breathing?

Contract, C -> (

Where does O2 and CO2 exchange occur?

Aveloi

Define Tidal Volume

The total amount of air breathed in and out

What does low pH in the blood indicate?

High CO2, Hypercania

What does high pH in the blood indicate

too much O2, hypoxia

What does hyperventilation cause?

Hyperoxia and Hypocania

What is hypoventilation and what does it cause?

Slow breathing -> hypoxia and hypercania

What does the diaphram do during exhalation?

Relax -> high lung pressure internal, lower pressure external-> released as CO2

What is the SA node?

Sinoatrial node: pacemaker of the heart

Located in the right atrium by the superior vena cavea

60-100 BPM

What is the difference between veins and arteries

Arteries: blood AWAY

Veins: blood towards the heart

Describe the flow of deoxygenated blood in the body.

1. Deoxygenated Blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM through the S. and I. vena cavea

2. Deoxygenated blood goes from the RIGHT ATRIUM to the RIGHT VENTRICLE through the tricuspid valve

3. DeOxy Blood goes through pulmonary valve -> PULMONARY ARTERIES -> Right and Left Lungs

Describe the flow of oxygenated blood in the body.

1. Pulmonary veins -> Left atrium

2. Mitral valve -> Left Ventricle

3. Left ventricle -> Aortic Valve -> aorta -> body

What is systole blood pressure?

Contraction of the heart, force of blood pushing against arteries (OUT)

Lower than 120

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Herart relaxing, blood IN,

lower than 80

How is blood pressure measured?

systole over diastole

What is the Atrioventricular node?

Located in the lower right atrium

Pauses action potential

40-60 BPM

What is the movement of Action Potential in the heart?

1. Sinoatrial node -> Bachmans bundle (Carries signal to Left Atrium)

2. Atrioventricular node, pauses AP

3. Right and Left bundle of His (carries AP to Left and Right Ventricle)

4. Purkinhe fibers trigger depolarization causing contraction (20-40 BPM)

What is the first wave in an electrocardiogram?

P wave

What does the P wave represent in an electrocardiogram?

atrial depolarization -> contraction

What does the QRS complex represent in an electrocardiogram?

ventricular depolarization

What does the T wave represent in an electrocardiogram?

Ventricular REpolarization

What are the layers of the epidermis?

Stratum Corneum

Stratum Lucidum

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum Basale

What are the layers of the dermis?

papillary layer (thin layer of areolar connective tissue)

reticular layer (irregular dense fibrous connective tissue, veins and stuff)

What is the purpose of the hypodermis

anchors skin to underlying organs, adipose connective tissue

Where are melanocytes located in the skin?

stratum basale

Where are Langerhan's cells located?

stratum spinosum

What are Langerhans' Cells?

Specialized dendritic cells found in the skin

What do fibroblasts do?

Produces collagen and elastin?

Where are fibroblasts located?

Reticular layer

What are sebaceous glands?

Glands located in the dermis that secret sebum that kills bacteria and slows water loss

What do apocrine sweat glands do?

Stinky, secretes fat and protein -> body odour (Dermis)

What do merocrine sweat glands do?

Most common, secrets water + waste to cool the body (Dermis)

What do Arrector pilli muscles do?

muscle that raises hair shaft -> goose bumps, (Dermis)

What do the veins do when the body is HOT?

Vasodilation

What do veins do when the body is COLD?

Vasoconstrction -> Cold

How are scars created?

Wound reaches dermis -> repaired via fibroblasts

How are keloids different from scars?

Overproduction of collagen at a scar/burn

How are 1st degree burns classified?

Burn is only on the epidermis, minor pain

How are 2nd degree burns classified?

Epidermis + top layer of dermis -> swelling, blistering, hurts a lot

How are 3rd degree burns classified?

Epidermis + Dermis -> numbness, looks like charred/whiteskin

How are 4th degree burns classified?

Burn reaches muscle + bone -> lack of function

What is melanoma?

Tumor from melanocytes, form of skin cancer

What is basal cell carcinoma?

Tumor from basal cells located in the stratum basale

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

Tumor formed in the mid/outer layers of epidermis

What are keratinocytes

Cells that produce keratin

Slowly fill up with keratin and loses a nucleus becoming outermost layer of skin

Where are granulated keratinocytes located?

Stratum Granulosum

What hormones does the pineal gland secrete?

Melatonin

What does melatonin do?

Regulates sleep

What hormones do the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

What does oxytocin do?

Increases contractions of utereus in labor, stimulates muscles to push milk out, something to do with love

What does ADH do?

ADH increases water in the blood -> increasing water absorption in kidneys

Vasoconstriction

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

Growth Hormone

Prolactin

Thyroid stimulation hormone / Thyrotropin

Follicile Stimulating Hormone

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Lutenizing Hormone

What does growth hormone do?

Increases bone growth

What does Prolactin do?

Stimulates milk production

What does Thyrotropin do?

Activates thyroid hormone production (T4 + T3)

What does Adrenocorticotropic do?

Triggers corticol release in the Adrenal glands

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

Thyroxine (t4)

triiodothyronine (t3)

Calcitonin

What is thicker the dermis or the epidermis?

Dermis is the thickest layer of your skin

What does thyroxine (t4) do?

Increase rate of reactions in cells -> control growth + dev

What does triidothryonine (t3) do?

stimulates nervous system -> alert/wakeful

What does calcitonin do?

Decrease Ca2+ in blood

What hormones does the paraythryoid secrete?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)/ Parathyrin

What does parathyrin do?

Increaess Ca2+ in blood -> breaking bones down

What hormones does thymus secrete?

Thymosin

What does thymosin do?

Stimulates T-cell development

Where is the adrenal gland located?

above the kidneys

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Glucocorticoids and Mineralcorticoids

What does epinephrine do?

Increases heart rate for flight/fight

What does norepinephrine do?

Increases alertness, arousal and attention. (Fight/Fight)

Constricts blood vessels, which helps maintain blood pressure in times of stress.

Affects your sleep-wake cycle, mood and memory.

What do glucocorticoids do?

anti-inflammatory in all tissues

control metabolism in muscle, fat, liver and bone

What does miceralcorticoids do?

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

Insulin and glucagon

What does insulin do?

Decreases blood sugar

What does glucagon do?

Increaes blood sugar

What hormones do the gonads do?

Estrone

Progesterone

Androgen

What does estrone do?

Develops female sex characteristics

What does progesterone do?

Creates healthy uterine lining for menstruation

What does androgen do?

drive male reproductive development, secondary sexual characteristics

What is the difference between endrocrine and exocrine glands?

Excorine glands secrete onto a mucous surface or skin

Endocrine glands secrete into the blood stream

What hormones do the kidneys secrete?

Erythropoitin

Aldosterone

What does erythropoitin do?

Increases red blood cell production

What does aldosterone do?

Increases Na+ in blood -> raises blood pressure

What does positive feedback do?

Amplifies original stimulus through hormones

What does negative feedback do?

Counter response to environment change -> Homeostasis

What are the layers of a bone?

Corticol/compact outer layer

Cancellous/trabecular inner layer (marrow)

What does long bone marrow do?

Yellow marrow + Red marrow

What does short bone marrow do?

Red marrow

What does flat bone marrow do?

Red marrow

What is the function of long bones?

movement

What is the function of short bones?

stability and movement

What is the function of flat bones?

Protect vitals

What are the two types of Osteocytes?

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

What is the function of Osteoclasts?

Break down bone

What is the function of Osteoblasts

Replaces cartilage, secretes minerals that form bone