Anatomy of Head and Neck (GS) Midterm Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

Anatomical Position

• Standing upright and facing forward

• Eyes gaze anteriorly (forward)

• Upper limbs at sides with the palms facing anteriorly

• Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel and toes direct anteriorly

Sagittal Plane

Median — divides into left and right sides of the body

Frontal (Coronal) Planes

Divides into anterior/posterior (front/back)

Transverse Plane

Divides into top/bottom

Deep

Further from surface

Superficial

Closer to surface

Median

Close to Middle

Lateral

Further away from middle

Superior (Cranial)

Towards the head

Inferior (Caudal)

Toward the tail

Anterior (Ventral)

Front

Posterior (Dorsal)

Back

Proximal

Near the trunk

Distal

Further from trunk

Bilateral

Two sides

Unilateral

One side

Ipsilateral

Same side

Contralateral

Different Sides

TMJ

Temporomandibular Joint

Elevation

Move Up

Depression

Move down

Protrusion

Out

Retraction

Back

Lateral Division

Divide into Left and Right

Building Blocks of Anatomy

Cells → Tissue → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism

4 Types of Tissues

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscular

• Nervous

How many bones in skeletal system?

206

Axial Skeleton (What we need to know)

• 80 bones

• Bones of the head and trunk

  • Cranium

  • Ribs, sternum, vertebrae

Appendicular Skeleton (What we need to know)

• 126 bones

• Pectoral (Shoulder) girdles

• Pelvic girdles

How many muscles in the body

• Over 400

3 types of muscle fibers

• Skeletal striated

• Cardiac striated

• Smooth

Voluntary muscle fibers

• Skeletal Striated

Involuntary muscle fibers

• Cardiac Striated

• Smooth

2 functions of the respiratory system

• To breath

• Complete phonation

Upper respiratory tract components

• Larynx and above —

  • Nose

  • Nasal Cavity

  • Pharynx

  • Larynx

Lower respiratory tract components

• Below the Larynx —

  • Trachea

  • Bronchi

  • Bronchioles

  • Alveoli

  • Lungs

  • Diaphragm

Arteries function

Move blood away fromt he heart

Veins function

Move blood to the heart

Capillaries function

Connects arterioles and venules… exchanges oxygen, nutrients, and other cellular materials with surrounding tissue

Lymphatic System

Drains surplus tissue fluid

Lymph Nodes function

Kills bacteria

Central Nervous System Components

• Brain

• Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord/Vertebral Column Segments

• C—8

• T—12

• L—5

• S—1

• Co—1

Spinal Cord Segment Mnemonic …

• Cereal at 8

• Turkey Sandwich at 12

• Lasagna at 5

• Snack and Ice Cream at 1

How many spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs

Day two of embrypnic development

Cleavage — cells divide/duplicate

Day four of embryonic development

Differentiation, the cells become different cells

Trilaminar Embryonic Disc

3 layer structure important to embryonic development

Ectoderm

Gives rise to integumentary system (skin), nerve system, pineal gland, pituitary gland, kidney marrow, teeth, mucous membranes of the nose/cornea/lenses of the eye

Mesoderm

Gives rise to muscles (skeletal and smooth), connective tissue, heart/circulatory system, kidneys, gonads, lining of body cavities, dermis of the skin

Endoderm

Forms lining of esophagus, stomach, intestines, respiratory tract, and lungs— contributes to liver, pancreas, gallbladder, thyroid, parathyroid glands, lining of bladder and urethra

Most critical period for CNS development

Weeks 3-16

Deficiency in which vitamin can cause the brain to stop developing?

Vitamin B

Development process of nerve system

Ectoderm → Neural Plate → Neural Groove → Neural Tube → Neural Crest

The Neural Tube gives rise to…

the CNS

Neural Tube to CNS process

Neural Tube → Primary Vesicles → Prosencephalon/Mesencephalon/Rhombencephalon/Spinal Cord

How does the Neural Tube form into the vesicles

It begins as a canal and over the course of three days moves into a tube and finally a vesicle. You can see where the brain will later form and where the spinal cord will later form

The Primary Vesicles

• Prosencephalon

• Mesencephalon

• Rhombencephalon

Secondary Vesicles

• Telencephalon

• Diencephalon

• Midbrain

• Metencephalon

• Myelencephalon

Neural Crest and Cranial Placodes Give Rise to…

The PNS

Neural Crest

Give rise to cranial ganglia and craniofacial cartilages/bones, etc

Cranial Placodes

Give rise to sensory ganglia, pituitary gland and sensory organs

Pharyngeal Arches

Transient structures of embryonic development— give rise to skeletal and muscular components of the face and neck

Arch 1

Forms mandible, malleus, incus, muscles of mastication and trigeminal nerve (#5 mastication muscles)

Arch 2

Forms stapes, stylohyoid ligament, muscles of facial expression, facial nerve (#7 — expression muscles)

Arch 3

Forms the hyoid bone, stylopharyngeus muscle and glossopharyngeal nerve (#9)

Arches 4/6

Contribute to the laryngeal cartilages, muscles of larynx, and vagus nerve (#10)

Pharyngeal Pouches

Pocketings of endoderm located between the pharyngeal arches

Pouch 1

Forms middle ear cavity and Eustachian tube

Pouch 3

Forms the inferior parathyroid gland and thymus

Pouch 4

Forms the superior parathyroid glands and the ultimobranchial body

Pharyngeal Grooves Formation

Grooves or clefts between the pharyngeal arches

Pharyngeal Groove Derivatives

First groove forms the external auditory meatus (ear canal), others disappear

Anencephaly is caused by…

Vitamin B deficiency

Spina Bifida is caused by…

Ends of the Neural Tubes not closing

Nerve Cells

Information processing and signaling elements

Composed of —

• Cell Body

• Dendrite

• Axon

Unipolar

• One Cell Body

• One Axon

Bipolar

• One Cell Body

• Two Axons

Psuedounipolar

Looks unipolar but actually has two projections (axons)

Multipolar

• One axon but many projections (dendrites)

Glial Cells

Supporting cell, they do not transfer signals

What is Multiple Sclerosis caused by?

Damage to the glial cells which in turn damage nerve cells as they begin to lack support

Myelin Sheath

Formed by glial cells, protective

Demyelination

Broken down myelin, which can negatively affect the axons

What are the functional types of neurons?

• Afferent

• Efferent

• Interneuron

Afferent neurons

Sensory neurons

Efferent neurons

Motor neurons

Synapse

Site of transmission of electrical nerve impulses between two neurons or between a neuron and a gland/muscle

Describe synaptic cleft event

• Sacs with neurotransmitters reach synaptic cleft

• Receptor proteins are ready to receive neurotransmitters on opposite neuron

• Neurotransmitters transfer neurons

The brain weighs

3 pounds

Gray Matter

• Made by neuron cell bodies of CNS

• Integrates information

Where is gray matter found?

• Cortex

• Nuclei

• Internal of spinal cord

White Matter

• Mostly made of axons of CNS.

• Conveys information.

• Myelin sheath is white so the matter appears white!

Where is white matter found?

Internal of the brain and outer regions of spinal cord.

Ganglion

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system

Nerve Components (Axons of PNS)

• Axon

• Neurolemma/Myelin

• Endoneurium

• Perineurium

• Epineurium

Endoneurium

Connective tissue sheath

Perineurium

Contains Fasciculus

Epineurium

Wraps around nerve

Cervical Plexus

C1-C4, supplies muscles in the neck