Thermochemistry and Energy Systems

These flashcards cover critical concepts in thermochemistry, ion formation, and thermodynamic principles highlighted in the lecture notes.

Enthalpy

(H) is defined as E - PdeltaV, representing the total energy in a system including internal energy and the work done by the system.

Isoelectronic Species

Ions that have the same number of electrons; for example, Na+, F−, and Ne.

Cations

Positively charged ions formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.

Anions

Negatively charged ions formed when an atom gains one or more electrons.

Thermodynamics

The branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and the energy transformations associated with physical and chemical processes.

Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 °C.

Endothermic Process

A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings, resulting in a positive enthalpy change (ΔH > 0).

Exothermic Process

An exothermic process is a chemical reaction that releases heat to the surroundings, resulting in a negative enthalpy change (ΔH < 0).

Calorimetry

The science of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes.

First Law of Thermodynamics

The ____ states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transferred or changed from one form to another.

State Function

A state function is a property of a system that depends only on the current state, not on the path the system took to reach that state.

Work (w)

The energy resulting from a force acting on an object over a distance, expressed in terms of pressure and volume change (w = -PΔV).

Heat (q)

The flow of energy that causes a temperature change in an object or its surroundings.

Calorimeter

A calorimeter is an experimental apparatus used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process.

Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gaseous state.

Electron Affinity

The energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral atom in the gaseous state.

Metallic Behavior

The properties of metals, such as being ductile, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity.

Ionic Radius

The measure of an atom's ion in a crystal lattice, which can vary depending on its charge state.