PLTW: Unit 1.1 Exam Review

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from the PLTW Unit 1.1 exam review, including topics related to crime scene investigation, polygraph testing, blood analysis, DNA structure, and experimental design.

Key with all evidence, legend with time, date, location, temperature, and a scale.

What information should be included on a sketch of a crime scene?

Examine the crime scene, mark evidence, sketch a diagram, take pictures and notes, collect evidence, and interview witnesses.

What is the role of a crime scene investigator upon arrival?

Respiration rate, heart rate, skin conductivity, blood pressure, and body temperature.

What does a polygraph test measure to detect lying?

To set up a control group by establishing what the person's physiological responses are under normal conditions without lying.

What is the purpose of baseline questions in polygraph tests?

Increased heart rate and respiration rate.

What physiological responses are indicative of lying?

Cuticle, cortex, medulla.

What are the three major components of hair identified in forensic science?

Small ridge details that vary from person to person used for fingerprint comparison.

What are minutiae in fingerprint analysis?

Around 12-15 minutiae.

How many minutiae must be matched for a fingerprint to be confirmed?

Electronic photos, text messages, social media apps, emails, voicemails, location trackers, browser history.

What types of digital evidence can be analyzed?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

What are the four major components of blood?

Erythrocytes.

What are red blood cells also known as?

Help fight infections.

What do white blood cells do?

Help with the clotting of blood.

What is the role of platelets in the blood?

It is the fluid that cells, antibodies, and platelets move around in.

What does plasma do in the blood?

A presumptive test determines if something is blood, while a confirmatory test determines the blood type.

What is the difference between a presumptive and confirmatory blood test?

Kastle-Meyer test.

What presumptive blood test was mentioned in the notes?

Type A.

What blood type has A antigens?

B and O.

Which blood type can receive blood from Type B?

The person has Type A blood.

What does it mean if blood clots when anti-serum A is added?

State the problem, develop a hypothesis, design an experiment, collect data, analyze results.

What are the steps of the experimental design process?

Nucleotide.

What monomer makes up DNA?

Nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and a 5 carbon sugar.

What are the three molecules that make up a nucleotide?

Purines have 2 rings, pyrimidines have 1 ring.

How do purines differ from pyrimidines?

Adenine and Guanine.

What bases are considered purines?

The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of cytosine equals the amount of guanine.

What is Chargaff's Rule?

Hydrogen bonds.

What type of bonds hold the two DNA strands together?

2 hydrogen bonds.

How many hydrogen bonds are between A-T base pairs?

3 hydrogen bonds.

How many hydrogen bonds are between C-G base pairs?

They are weak, allowing strands to separate for reading or replicating DNA.

Why are hydrogen bonds important in DNA structure?

TACAAGCTAG.

What is the complementary strand of DNA with the sequence ATGTTCGATC?

A protein that cuts DNA at specific points.

What is a restriction enzyme?

Each type of restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a different base sequence.

How do different restriction enzymes differ from each other?

DNA Extraction and Purification, PCR, Restriction digest, Gel electrophoresis.

What is the correct order for analyzing DNA?

The DNA strands separate at a high temperature of 94-98°C.

What happens during the denaturation stage of PCR?

Primers bind to the template DNA at a temperature of 50-68°C.

What is the purpose of annealing in PCR?

New DNA strands are synthesized at a temperature of 72°C.

What occurs during the elongation stage of PCR?