Grammar

HESI a2

Affix

added to create a related but different word e.g. happy —>happiness It can be a prefix or suffix that alters the meaning of the base word.

Where does a prefix occur in a word?

At the beginning of the word. e.g. preheat

Where does an interfix occur?

within the base word, connecting prefixes and suffixes. e.g. o in speedometer

Where does a suffix occur?

At the end of a word

Where does a circumfix occur?

Before and after a word e.g. enlighten

Split Infinitive

Where a modifying word comes between the word to and the verb paired with it. e.g. to clearly explain vs the correct to explain clearly

misplaced modifyer

modifier placed where it is not clear which word is modified

dangling modifier

dependent clause or verb phrase that does not have a clear logical connection to a word in the sentence

How do you repair a sentence fragment or run on sentence?

join clauses, split into multiple sentences, make a clause dependent, reduce with a compound verb

What is the purpose of a sentence?

declarative-states a fact

imperative-urgent command

interrogative-question

exclamatory-strong emotion

What is parallelism?

items in a series stated in equivalent way

e.g. I enjoy reading and studying.Wh

What is an absolute phrase?

noun followed by a participle providing context, but does not modify or explain.

e.g. The alarm ringing, he pushed the snooze button.

What is an appositive?

a word or phrase used to explain or rename nouns or pronouns.

e.g. Terriers, hunters at heart, have been dressed up to look like lap dogs.

Verbal phrases

Formed from a verb, but does not function as a verb.

-participle

-gerund

-infinitive

participle

adjective describing motion

e.g. dance, danced, dancing

Gerund

a verb functioning as a noun. Always ends with -ing

infinitive

noun, adjective, or adverb made of a basic verb from and the word to

e.g. to run, to swim

phrases

function as a single part of speech

e.g. prepositional phrase

adverb clause

dependent clause modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb

introduced with words such as after, although, as before, because, if, since, so, unless, when, where, while

adjective clause

a dependent clause modifying a noun or pronoun

-essentially explains or defines

-nonessential gives information but isn’t necessary to define, set off by commas

clauses

a group of words that contain a subject and predicate

can be independent or dependent

antecedent

the noun that has been replaced by a pronoun, agrees in number and gender

indirect object

shows how an action had influence on someone or something

1) find the verb

2) ask to/for, whom, or what

direct object

takes or receives the action of a verb

e.g. I took the blanket.

Jane read books.

predicate

explains or describes the subject

subject

who or what the sentence is about

preposition

shows relationship between object and another word e.g. in, around, beneath, among

adverb

modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb

asks when? where? how? why?

can be positive, comparative, superlative

positive

normal form

comparative

compares one thing to another

superlative

more than two people or things

adjective

modifies a noun or pronoun

verbs

indicate action being done

pronouns

stand in for nouns

collective nouns

group of people, places or things + an article

e.g. the class, the company, a dozen, a group, a herd, the team, the publicge

general nouns

convey a condition e.g. beauty, strength or an idea e.g. truth, peace

specific nouns

people: baby, friend, father

places: town, park, city hall

things: rainbow, cough, apple

proper nouns

specific people, places, things, capitalized

Abraham Lincoln

Houston, TX

Earth

common nouns

generic names for people, places, things