Final Study Guide Bio

thermoreceptors detect

temperature

standing out in center field, a baseball player watches a hitter’s bat strike the ball and then slightly later, hears the sound of the impact. What type of sensory receptors did the player just use

photoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

which part of the eye give the eye its color

iris

which part of the eye hold photoreceptors

retina

what is the correct order that light takes through the eye

cornea, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve

which photoreceptors detect color

cones

a person who cannot focus well on a distant object has

nearsightedness

a person who has blurred vision caused by a misshapen lens or cornea has

astigmatism.

which part of the ear vibrates when sound wave hits it

ear drum

sensory receptors that detect sound are located in the

cochlea

what is the correct order that the sound takes in the ear

pinna

auditory canal

ear drum

hammer

anvil

stirrup

cochlea

the joint that allows you to rotate your forearm so that your hand changes from the palm-up position to the palm-down down must be a ___joint

pivot

muscles are connected to bones by

tendons

____produces red blood cells and us located in the end of bones

red bone marrow

what is the most commonly broken bone in the body before the age of 75

forearm

functionally what is the muscle fibers fundamental unit of contraction

sarcomere

a thick filament is made up of

myosin

according to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, a sarcomere contracts when its ___

thick and thin filaments slide past each other

which structure would probably have the largest motor units

a motor unit in the thigh to control leg movement

hormones are usually transported through ___and affect only cells with ___

blood vessels, specific receptors

in general, hormones that bind to plasma membrane receptors____

cannot pass through cell membranes

steroid hormones ____

usually diffuse through the plasma membrane into target cells

which hormone is made by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary

oxytocin

alcohol acts as a diuretic by opposing the action of

ADH

what hormone is released by the hypothalamus in the H-P-T pathway

TRH

if your body does not secrete enough ____, your response to stress may be decreased

ACTH .

what hormone is released by the adrenal medulla

epinephrin

____is the stress hormone that suppresses the immune system

cortisol

if blood glucose levels decline___

the pancreas releases more glucagon, which causes glucose to be released into the blood

what happens when the concentration of glucose in the blood rises after a mean is digested

an increased amount of insulin is released to help lower blood glucose levels.

which disorder occurs when the body produces insulin but the body cells don’t respond to the insulin

type 2 diabetes

what hormones act on the gonads to produce sex hormones

LH & FSH

the development of ____may be stimulated by estrogen

breasts

asexual reproduction__

is an effective way for animals to expand their population quickly

what is the advantage of sexual reprduction

creates genetically diverse offspring

what advantage is associated with human testes located in an external sac rather than in the abdominal cavity

testes can be kept cooler than the body’s interior

what organ is responsible for sperm production and hormone production in males

testes

what glands provide buffers to help sperm survive in the female reproductive tract

prostate gland

where in humans does fertilization most often take place

oviduct

implantation normally occurs in the

endometrium of the uterus

menstruation ___

involves the shedding of the endometrium

____produces 4 spermatids from 1 stem cell, while ____ produces 1 mature egg from 1 stem cell

spermatogenesis, oogenesis

unequal divisions in oogenesis produce___ that have no cytoplasm and degenerate

polar bodies

Digestion is

the breakdown of food into small nutrient molecules that the body can absorb

what is the order of the four stages of food processing

ingestion

digestion

absorption

elimination

which process is an example of mechanical digestion

chewing

the main function of amylase is to

break down proteins

the normal flow of contents in the human alimentary canal is

oral cavity

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

smooth muscle contraction moves food through the alimentary canal by a process called

peristalsis

both the esophagus and trachea open to the

pharynx

the stomachs gastric juice consists of

mucus

pepsin

hydrochloric acid

when contracted, __ prevents movement of chyme from the stomach back into the

sphincter

most absorption of carbs, fats, and proteins occur in the

small intestine

the epithelial cells lining the intestine have surface projections that increase the area for absorption. these projections are called ____

microvilli

the ___ absorbs water

large intestine

if not enough water is reabsorbed from the structure in #13, ___ will occur

diarrhea

___ will accumulate in the adipose tissue and become toxic if too much are taken in

fat soluble vitamins

certain amino acids are called essential because they __

cannot be made by the body from other compunds

if calories taken in are greater than calories burned, what will happen

weight gain

Kimberly eats only Jolly Ranchers and Sprite. What nutritional disorder is she likely to have?

malnutrition

___is the pacemaker of the heart and generates electrical impulses that spread through the heart

sinoatrial node

veins carry ___

blood toward the heart

Which vessel has the structure best suited for nutrient exchange between blood and tissues

capillary

the one-way flow of blood in veins is maintained by

valves

During breathing, humans___

the diaphragm moves downward and the rib muscles contract, increasing the size of the chest cavity and decreasing the air pressure within the chest cavity

if your blood pressure were 120/70, it would mean that

your blood pressure during systole is 120 and your blood pressure during diastole is 70

red blood cells lack nuclei and other organelles which allows them to

have more room to carry hemoglobin

when tissue lining a blood vessel is damaged, the first thing that happens is

platelets adhere to the damaged tissue

white blood cells play a particularly important role in ___

fighting infections

what path does a molecule of O2 take from the nose to the respiratory surface

pharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchus

bronchiole

alveolus

in the human respiratory system, gas exchange occurs across the cells of the

alveoli

most of the time, breathing is controlled by

control centers in the brain stem

when you hold your breath, which changes in one or more blood gases leads initially to the urge to breathe again

rising carbon dioxide level

the cells that carry electric signals from one part of the body to another in the nervous system are

neurons

which structure carry incoming messages toward the cell body of a neuron

dendrites

what cushion structure of the central nervous system, helps supply them with nutrients and hormonoes, and carries away wastes

cerebrospinal fluid

what is the correct order of AP

AP arrives at synaptic terminal

vesicles fuse w/ plasma membrane

ion channel opens

NT released into synaptic cleft

NT bind receptor on next cell

NT removed from synaptic cleft

which function role of the nervous system is carried out by interneurons

integration

what is the value of threshold

-55 mV

which parts of the body compromise the central nervous system

spinal cord and brain

you start an exam and realize that you did not study enough for it, you find it difficult to concentrate because your heart is raising, you stomach seems tied in a knot, you are breathing too quickly, and your mouth is dry. mostly likely, you are experiencing the effects of

sympathetic division

you are out for a walk and start to trip, but you keep your balance and don’t fall. which brain region is responsible for the rapid coordination of muscle activity that kept you from falling

cerebellum

which area of the brain is responsible for controlling homeostasis, the pituitary gland, and the autonomic nervous system

hypothalamus

alzheimers disease is characterized by

confusion and memory loss

Energy can be defined as

the capacity to cause change

an object at rest has no ___ energy, but it may have ___ energy resulting from its location or structure

kinetic, potential

a boulder at the top of a hill contains ___ energy

potential

how does the figure below represent the relationship between energy and ATP?

ATP can perform cellular work when it releases a phosphate group

what compound directly provides energy for cellular work

ATP

ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring a(n) ___ to those molecules

phosphate groups

usually, enzymes are ___

proteins

the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called

metabolism

enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by __

decreasing the temperature of the substrates

an enzymes function is most dependent on its ___

shape

the region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the __ site

active

substances that plug up an enzyme’s active site are enzyme __

inhibitors

in the figure below, how does the molecule labeled A affect enzyme function?

it is an inhibitor that changes the enzyme’s active site

what is equilibrium

molecules moving in one direction equaling molecules moving in the other direction

diffusion is an example of

passive transport

facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ___ and moves a substance __ its concentration gradient

transport proteins; down