biology 1001 LSU exam 1 Adam H

CHAPTER 1: To test the effect of vitamin D on growth, two groups of rats were raised under identical

conditions and fed the same diet. One of the groups received daily injections of vitamin D. The other group

received injections of saline, which did not contain vitamin D. All the rats were weighed weekly for 2 months.

In this experiment, the control was the?

group receiving saline

CHAPTER 1: A good experiment should include as many variables as possible at the same time. True or

False?

false

CHAPTER 1: Photosynthetic bacteria are examples of autotrophs. True or False?

true

CHAPTER 1: The variation among individuals, on which natural selection acts, is?

genetic differences

CHAPTER 1: Why do heterotrophs require "food" for survival?

food provides the organic chemicals needed by heterotrophs

CHAPTER 1: Science cannot answer certain moral questions because?

moral values differ among individuals

CHAPTER 1: Imagine that 1 milliliter of an experimental drug diluted in a saline solution is injected

into 20 pregnant mice to determine possible side effects. Which of the following is a suitable control for this

experiment?

20 pregnant mice injected with 1 milliliter of saline

CHAPTER 1: The experiments of Francesco Redi?

disprove the idea of spontaneous generation

CHAPTER 1: All of the following are scientific principles that underlie scientific inquiry EXCEPT?

natural selection

CHAPTER 1: Which of the following is an example of deductive reasoning?

if a new species of bacteria is discovered, it will be made up of organic molecules

CHAPTER 2: Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of protons. True or

False?

false

CHAPTER 2: A single covalent chemical bond represents the sharing of how many electrons?

2

CHAPTER 2: If you place a paper towel in a dish of water, the water will?

move up the towel as the water adheres to the paper towel while the cohesive water molecules stay bound to

each other.

CHAPTER 2: If a substance measures 7 on the pH scale, that substance?

has equal concentration of H+ and OH- ions

CHAPTER 2: Which of the following could potentially be a free radical?

oxygen (atomic number 8)

CHAPTER 2: What happens when hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to pure water?

The HCl molecules separate into H+ and Cl- ions.

CHAPTER 2: Carbon-14 is often used for carbon dating, where scientists measure the rate of carbon-14

decay to determine the age of items. Carbon-14 contains six protons and eight neutrons. During the process of

carbon-14 decay, one of its eight neutrons becomes a proton and an electron is emitted. Which of the following

is the BEST explanation of what has occurred?

The resulting atom is now a different element because the number of protons has changed.

CHAPTER 2: As ice melts, it?

absorbs heat from its surroundings

CHAPTER 2: How do buffers work?

They accept or release OH- .

CHAPTER 2: Unlike a rock, a reptile can sit in the hot sunshine without its body temperature soaring

quickly. This is because the water in its body?

has a high specific heat

CHAPTER 3: Where is glycogen stored in vertebrate animals?

liver and muscles

CHAPTER 3: Large biological molecules are synthesized by removing?

water

CHAPTER 3: Which of the following is TRUE about waxes?

they are saturated fats and are solid at normal outdoor temperatures

CHAPTER 3: Which of the following is NOT an organic molecule?

carbon monoxide

CHAPTER 3: The fiber in your diet is actually?

cellulose

CHAPTER 3: When the level of glucose in your blood is high, your body is able to store excess glucose

in the liver by forming glycogen. When blood glucose levels fall, this stored glucose can be released. Based on

this information, which of the following is true?

Glycogen is a polysaccharide formed by joining excess monosaccharides of glucose

CHAPTER 3: In dehydration synthesis, the atoms that make up a water molecule are derived from?

both of the reactants

CHAPTER 3: The group of biological molecules that are most diverse in function is?

proteins

CHAPTER 3: Your friend is trying to learn about how to kill bacteria. She reads that preservatives such

as citric acid are added to foods because the acidic environment kills bacteria by denaturing their proteins. She

thinks this sounds like a lot of scientific jargon and asks you what it means. How can you explain it in simpler

terms?

Denaturing means that the proteins of the bacteria lose their structure and can't function, so the bacteria die

CHAPTER 3: Which of these is NOT a nucleic acid or nucleotide?

LDL

CHAPTER 4: The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells contains all of the following EXCEPT what?

chromosomes

CHAPTER 4: Which of the following is associated with rough ER?

ribosomes

CHAPTER 4: Which of the following is the smallest?

virus

CHAPTER 4: What is NOT a feature of a prokaryotic cell?

a nuclear membrane

CHAPTER 4: Which cellular organelle packages enzymes and forms lysosomes?

golgi apparatus

CHAPTER 4: Membrane proteins are synthesized on ribosomes that are found where?

on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

CHAPTER 4: Which of the following is the thinnest?

a microfilament

CHAPTER 4: The formation of ATP in the mitochondria, which is an oxygen-dependent reaction, is

called what?

aerobic metabolism

CHAPTER 4: What is the difference between "free" and "attached" ribosomes?

Free ribosomes occur in the cytoplasm, whereas attached ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic

reticulum.

CHAPTER 4: Which of the following is NOT a function of plastids?

extracting energy from food and converting it to ATP

who created the theory of evolution?

Darwin and Wallace

what is the total of chemical reactions needed to sustain life?

metabolism

what is necessary to maintain homeostasis conditions?

body temperature, pH of blood, water concentration

what is the scientific method?

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion

characteristics of bacteria

single, simple cells

characteristics of archaea

single, simple cells, extremes

characteristics of eukaryotic

one or more highly complex cells

what is used to characterize life?

cell type, number of cells in each organism, how it acquires energy

what cell lacks organelles/nucleus and is found in bacteria and archaea?

prokaryotic

what cell has organelles/nucleus?

eukaryotic

what are the common elements in humans?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphurus

what does LEOGER stand for?

loss electrons oxidation, gain electrons reduction

what is an atom composed of?

proton, neutron, electron

what determines an atoms mass?

protons and neutrons

what determines an atoms atomic number?

protons

a substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical reactions

element

how many elements are there?

92

variant atomic forms of an element

isotopes

when an atom spontaneously breaks apart, forming different atoms, releasing engery

radioactive

how many electrons can the first two shells hold?

1st: 2

2nd: 8

what provides stability in an atom?

nucleus

force of attraction, holds atoms together

chemical bonds

when electrons jump from shell to shell, then fall back to their original form, energy gets_____________.

released

two or more atoms, same or different elements

molecules

substance made of atoms of different elements

compound

completely empty or full outermost shell; cannot react

inert

a molecule in which atoms have one or more unpaired electrons in their outermost shell; cell death can occur; steal electrons; destroy other molecules (heart disease)

free radicals

vitamins C and E render free radicals harmless

antioxidants

process when new chemical bonds are formed or existing bonds are broken, converting one substance into another

chemical reaction

three types of chemical bonds

ionic, covalent, hydrogen

atoms that have lost or gained electrons and are charged

ions

oppositely charged ions attracted to each other are bound into a molecule by__________.

ionic bonds

form between uncharged atoms that share electrons

covalent bonds

atom with partially full outermost electron shell can become stable by sharing electrons with another atom

covalent bonds

what is stronger, ionic or covalent bonds?

covalent bonds

H2; both atoms exert the same pulling force

non-polar

H2O; electrons are not always equally shared

polar

attractive forces between polar molecules

hydrogen bonds

formed when partial opposite charges in different molecules attract each other

hydrogen bonds

who can hydrogen bond with?

oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine

tendency of the molecule of a substance to stick together

cohesion

cohesion of water molecules along the surface

surface tension

substance dissolves in water

solutions

likes water

hydrophilic (polar)

does not like water

hydrophobic (non-polar)

small fraction of water molecules break apart and become________.

ionized

pH scale measurements

acidic: 0-6.9

neutral: 7

basic: 7.001-14

helps maintain a relatively constant pH in a solution

buffer

a compound that accepts/releases H+ in response to a pH change

buffer

what is bloods pH?

7.4 (slightly basic)

what is the buffer for blood? when it becomes more acidic what happens? basic?

bicarbonate; acidic: accepts/absorbs H+, basic: frees some H+

what damages enzymes?

specific high heat

the amount of heat needed to cause a substance such as water to evaporate

vaporization

what is more dense, water or ice?

water

what happens to water molecules freeze?

spread apart, organized

name the functional group for...

1) methyl group

2) hydroxyl group

3) amino group

4) carboxyl group

5) phosphate group

6) sulfhydryl group

1) CH3

2) OH

3) NH3+

4) COOH

5) PO-3

6) SH

what is hydrophobic on a phospholipid? hydrophilic?

hydrophobic: tails

hydrophilic: head

what do amino acids consist of?

"R" group

amino group

hydrogen bonds

carboxyl group

what do nucleotides consist of?

phosphate

sugar

base

consisting of a carbon skeleton bonded to hydrogen atoms

organic