NAVLE BIBLE

What are the top 4 rule-outs for emphysematous cystitis?

What are the confirmatory tests for each?

1. Cushing's --> ACTH Stim

2. Diabetes mellitus --> UA

3. Chronic UTI --> Urine culture

4. Bladder stones --> Radiographs

**occurs due to gas-forming bacteria; patient may be asymptomatic & only see disease on rads

What is the MST for Osteosarcoma in dogs & cats with amputation alone?

Dogs = 3-4 mos

Cats = 12+ mos (less metastasis)

Which nerve block disrupts motor innervation to the orbicularis oculi?

Auriculopalpebral

**branch of Facial n. = no sensory block

What are the 2 most common feline teeth to be affected by odontoclastic resorption?

307 & 407 (first premolars)

What is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in foals?

Rotavirus

**malabsorptive D+

What congenital heart disease results in polycythemia due to hypoxemia?

Right to left shunt (ex: TOF)

**venous blood w/ low O2 shunted to systemic circulation

What is the most common vascular ring anomaly in dogs?

What is the treatment for this?

Persistent right 4th aortic arch --> resection of ligamentum arteriosum

**Right 3rd becomes right internal carotid

At which egg count on the McMaster's should you consider deworming?

300 eggs/g of feces

**level at which weight gain will be affected

Where is the correct placement for an esophagostomy tube in a cat? How long should the tube be (approximately)?

LEFT side of neck --> 12-13th rib

T OR F:

A typical presentation in a cow with LDA is an elevated HR & RR with normal temp.

FALSE --> Normal vitals

What are the top 2 tumors in dogs associated with hypercalcemia?

1. Lymphoma

2. Anal sac adenocarcinoma

T OR F: Vesicular stomatitis & FMD are caused by the same virus.

FALSE --> FMD is Picorna, VS is Rhabdo

What are the 3 main body systems affected by Distemper?

GI, Neuro, Respiratory

What virus causes Distemper?

Paramyxovirus (enveloped RNA)

**also causes Rinderpest and Measles

About how long will it take a mandibular symphysis to heal after its been separated?

5-7 weeks (remove cerclage wire ~6 weeks)

What is the causative agent of Poll evil or Fistulous whithers?

Brucella abortus

What are the hallmark signs of anterior uveitis?

Hyphema & keratic precipitates

What is the primary clinical sign associated with KCS in dogs?

Mucoid ocular discharge

What structures pass through the guttural pouch?

Internal (medial) & External (lateral) carotid aa.

Cranial sympathetic trunk (medial)

CN 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 (medial)

T OR F: HYPP IS an autosomal dominant disease

TRUE

What are the 3 determinants of stroke volume?

Preload, afterload, & contractility

**SV = CO x HR

What 2 species exhibit a true lactational anestrus?

Pigs & Cats

What age range in dogs is most susceptible to Distemper virus?

What about Parvovirus?

Distemper = 3-6 months

Parvo = 6 wks - 6 months

How can you differentiate between hepatic lipidosis & cholangiohepatitis in cats on bloodwork?

GGT will be increased with cholangiohepatitis, not HL

**both have high ALP and icterus

What is Gonitis referring to in horses?

Stifle arthritis

How do Omega3 FA help treat OA?

increase production of less inflammatory eicosanids (compared to pro-inflammatory omega6 eicosanids)

What is the most likely source of Campylobacter infection in humans?

Undercooked chicken (followed by raw milk)

What is the most likely source of Campylobacter infection in humans?

Undercooked chicken

Which Salmonella species is considered serotype B?

S. Typhimurium

Which pet bird disease has Cowdry type-A inclusion bodies and causes ruffled plumage, anorexia, and depression?

Pacheco's disease (Herpes virus)

**will see necrotic foci in liver & kidneys + splenomegaly

What disease is most likely in a 5 month old hamster with diarrhea & fecal staining of the tail + dehydration & depression?

What abx are used to treat this?

Proliferative ileitis (Lawsonia)

Tx = Enrofloxacin & TMS + SQ 2.5% dextrose & 0.45% Na-Chloride solution (50 ml/kg)

What are the 2 insect vectors of vesicular stomatitis?

Sand flies & Black flies

Deficiency in what vitamin causes loose teeth, petehciae and rough hair coat in guinea pigs?

Hypovitaminosis C (Scurvy)

**necessary for collagen synthesis; also causes lameness; Tx w/ Vitamin C injections (not multi-vitamins!)

Which dog breed is most susceptible to systemic Aspergillosis?

German shepherds

What formula is used to calculate how much Na-Bicarb to be given to an animal with a base deficit?

0.4 x BD x BW (kg)

What is the difference between a Billroth I & Billroth II procedure?

I = anastomose duodenum to stomach

II = anastomose jejunum to stomach

**both involve removal of pylorus

What happens if a horse has a laceration across their Achilles tendon?

Dropped hock

**Gastrocnemius m. + SDFT rupture

What is the most common cause of stillbirths in pigs?

PRRS

**abortions & mummies also possible

What parasite causes a "Moroccan leather" (cobblestone) appearance in the abomasum of cattle?

Ostertagia ostertagi

**pathognomonic!

T OR F:

When performing an abdominocentesis in a horse, it is best to go to the right of midline.

TRUE

(avoids organs such as the spleen)

What species is mainly affected by the Sendai virus & what body system is affected?

Mice = respiratory disease (chattering, dyspnea, pneumonia, weight loss)

Why should turtles & snakes not be housed together?

Turtles are carriers for Entamoeba that causes hemorrhagic D+, V+, and weight loss in snakes

**turtles unaffected

What 2 body systems are most affected by lead poisoning in dogs?

What is the treatment?

GI & Neurologic

Tx = Ca-EDTA

**Basophilic stippling classical sign but not specific

How would Cobalamin & Folate change in a case of SIBO (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth)?

**Increased or decreased

Cobalamin = decreased

Folate = increased (produced by bacteria & prevents B12 absorption)

Where would a lesion be in a dog with a left sided head tilt and paradoxical vestibular syndrome?

Right cerebellum

Which tick species is most likely to transmit Lyme disease?

Ixodes

Which tick species can transmit Ehrlichia canis?

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Dermacentor ticks are carriers of what disease in dogs?

RMSF

What is the main organism associated with diskospondylitis in dogs & how can you confirm?

Staphylococcus --> urine culture

**Brucella, E. coli, Pasturella, Aspergillus & Strep can also be causative agents

What is the name of the pig threadworm & how is it transmitted?

Strongyloides ransomi = transcolostrally

Which form of vagal indigestion is associated with pneumonia/swollen mediastinal LNs?

Type 1 (Free gas bloat)

**failure to eructate

Classify this group of parasites:

Hematopinus, Linognathus, Solenopotes

Blood-sucking lice of cattle

**solenopotes pictured

What parasite in calves has triangular or rectangular shaped eggs?

Moniezia (anaplocephalid tapeworm)

**generally non-pathogenic

Name the Pestivirus associated with each of these sepcies:

1. Swine

2. Bovine

3. Ovine

1. CSF (Hog cholera)

2. BVD

3. Border disease

**RNA viruses

Which valve in horses is most subject to regurgitation as they get older?

Aortic

**often incidental finding

How is using Omega-3 fatty acids helpful in cases of atopic dermatitis in dogs?

Decreases inflammation

Which section of the GIT is responsible for Vit B12 absorption?

Ileum

**disease of this = Cobalamin deficiency

T OR F:

Goats are long day breeders in the northern hemisphere.

FALSE --> Short day (Oct - Dec)

To raise PCV by 1%, how much whole blood is needed?

2 ml/kg

Where is the best place for a skin scrape when looking for Sarcoptes scabei in pigs?

Ear canal or just behind ear

What is the most common cause of diarrhea in adult camels & what is the best treatment?

Whipworms --> Panacur

What is the most common causative agent of "snuffles" in rabbits?

How would this present clinically?

Pasturella multocida = mucopurulent nasal discharge + sneezing (most common form)

**can also cause pneumonia, otitis media, conjunctivitis, meningitis, encephalitis, repro tract infections, abscesses, & septicemia

What is the main source of a tularemia infection in a dog or cat?

Which species is more affected?

Ticks

Dogs more resistant; cats = depression, fever, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, oral ulceration

What type of transfusion should be used for the following situations:

1. IMHA

2. Rodenticide toxicity

3. Chronic renal disease

1. Packed RBC

2. Whole blood or plasma (+ Vit K)

3. EPO injections (+ Iron)

T OR F:

Luxating patellas in dogs almost always occur to the lateral side.

FALSE --> medial

What is the causative agent of Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis in cattle?

Histophilus somni

What is the main cause of laminits in cows?

Rumen acidosis

What 3 diagnostic parameters are used in equine to determine isolation?

Diarrhea, fever, neutropenia

**need 2/3 to require isolation

If a 3 mo kitten tests positive for FeLV on ELISA, what should your next step be?

Test for FeLV using IFA

What is the treatment of choice for ocular lymphoma in a beef cow?

Euthanasia

**often systemic & meat can't be used

All reptiles are considered carriers of what zoonotic agent, thus implicating the need for careful hygiene when owning these as pets?

Salmonella

What sample is best to determine Selenium levels?

Whole blood

What is the best treatment protocol for a goat with grain overload? (3 steps)

1. Oral antacids (Mg or MgOH safest)

2. Systemic buffers (IVF w/ Na-Bicarb)

3. Systemic penicillin

If you palpate a pregnant mare around day 25, what will you expect to find?

Ventral bulge due to formation of vesicle at bifurcation of uterus

What clinical signs might you see in young calves (4-8 wks) affected with Mycoplasma bovis?

Aural discharge (otitis media), nystagmus, ataxia, head tilt, facial paralysis

What is the best way to treat FPT in a 3 day old calf?

Bovine plasma (20-40 mL/kg)

What dietary problem in cows leads to star-gazing, loss of PLR, anisocoria, blindness, and strabismus?

Which signalment is likely to develop this?

Vitamin A deficiency --> feedlot steers (no access to greens)

**loss of PLR due to retinal degeneration & constriction of CN 2

What clinical sign most differentiates Anaplasmosis from Babesiosis in cattle?

Hemoglobinuria

What bovine condition results in metabolic alkalosis with paradoxic aciduria?

Abomasal torsion

**HCl sequestration in abomasum, K retained in cells, H excreted in urine

2 9 yo horses on your client's farm recently developed HL ataxia, urine dribbling, and have been dog sitting. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Equine Herpes Myeloencephalopathy

T OR F:

Fungal culture is the diagnostic test of choice you suspect nasal aspergillosis in a dog.

FALSE --> Histopathology

**1/3 of dogs with nasal neoplasia will have growth on fungal culture

What type of suture material is best used on the bladder? Describe it.

PDS (Polydiaxonone) = Absorbable monofilament

How does acute orchitis affect a stallion's sperm?

Morphologic & motility abnormalities

How does old age & testicular degeneration affect a stallion's sperm?

Oligozoospermatism (decreased #)

What is the most common cause of a horse melting ulcer?

Pseudomonas

You just performed an ERG on a middle aged female dog and found a flat-line. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)

What clinical presentation would expect in a chicken with a Dermanyssus gallinae infestation?

Anemia, may lead to death if severe

Presence of red mites in feathers

T OR F:

Eimeria & Isospora are both associated with nervous coccidiosis.

FALSE --> Only Eimeria

What plant toxicity is associated with "Crooked calf disease" & also causes cleft palates?

Lupine spp.

One of your technicians who is rabies vaccinated was just bit by a dog in the treatment room. What is the correct protocol for her?

What would the protocol be if she wasn't vaccinated?

Vax'd = 2 rabies injections --> Day 0 & Day 3

Unvax'd = Human rabies Ig + 5 rabies injections over 2-4 weeks

What is the treatment of choice for a goat with bighead disease?

What is the causative agent?

Wound debridement + Penicillin

caused by Cl. Novyi type A --> swelling & edema around the neck

After treating a cat for a urethral obstruction, he develops uncontrollable tremors. What is most likely happening?

How would you treat?

Hypocalcemic tetany due to hyperphosphatemia

Tx = Ca Gluconate

What is the most common bacterial isolate in foals with septicemia?

E. coli

For each of the following embryonic structures, list what they turn into the developed fetus:

1. Urachus

2. Umbilical v.

3. Umbilical aa.

1. Middle ligament of bladder

2. Falciform ligament (liver)

3. Round ligament of bladder

The glandular part of the stomach in birds is referred to as:

Proventriculus

**Ventriculus = grinding

What are 2 most likely sources of Campylobacter infection in humans?

Undercooked chicken + raw milk

What signlament would be most expected in a horse with RAO?

>6 years old, stabled in winter

What is the most common clinical sign associated with adrenal disease in ferrets?

Progressive alopecia

Why is mineral oil contraindicated in treating a horse with choke?

Can cause aspiration pneumonia (harsh)

What clinical signs would you expect to see in a horse with Polysaccharide storage myopathy?

Which horse has a mutation of glycogen synthase leading to this?

Intermittent exercise intolerance, weakness, muscle fasciculations + stiff hindlimb gait

QH

**Warmbloods + Paints + Appaloosas + drafts may also be affected