Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization- Mastering Review Questions

What are the four primary tissue types found in the human body?

A. skeletal, cardiac, smooth, and muscle

B. squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and glandular

C. epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural

D. adipose, elastic, reticular, and cartilage

epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural

Which type of tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines internal passageways and body cavities?

A. epithelial

B. connective

C. neural

D. muscle

epithelial

Which type of epithelial tissue lines the urinary bladder?

A. transitional epithelium

B. simple squamous epithelium

C. pseudostratified columnar epithelium

D. stratified cuboidal epithelium

transitional epithelium

Which of the following is the most delicate epithelium, which allows for absorption and diffusion and reduces friction?

A. stratified squamous epithelium

B. simple squamous epithelium

C. simple cuboidal epithelium

D. simple columnar epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

Cuboidal epithelial cells __________.

A. consist of several layers of cells above the basement membrane

B. are thin and flat and occupy the thickest portion of the membrane

C. are box-shaped, and the nuclei are near the center of each cell

D. are tall and slender, and the nuclei are crowded into a narrow band close to the basement membrane

are box-shaped, and the nuclei are near the center of each cell

Glandular epithelia contain cells that produce __________.

A. exocrine secretions only

B. secretions released from goblet cells only

C. exocrine or endocrine secretions

D. endocrine secretions only

exocrine or endocrine secretions

What are the three basic components of all connective tissues?

A. free exposed surface, exocrine secretions, and endocrine secretions

B. fluid matrix, cartilage, and osteocytes

C. specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and ground substance

D. satellite cells, cardiocytes, and osteocytes

specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and ground substance

Most of the volume in areolar connective tissue is made up of __________.

A. collagen fibers

B. reticular fibers

C. elastic fibers

D. ground substance

ground substance

Tendons are cords of dense regular connective tissue that __________.

A. connect one bone to another bone

B. attach skeletal muscles to bones

C. surround organs such as skeletal muscle tissue

D. cover the surface of a muscle

attach skeletal muscles to bones

Ligaments are bundles of elastic and collagen fibers that __________.

A. attach skeletal muscle to bones

B. connect one bone to another bone

C. connect one muscle to another muscle

D. cover the surface of a muscle

connect one bone to another bone

What are the three major subdivisions of the extracellular fluid in the body?

A. plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph

B. blood, urine, and saliva

C. blood, water, and saliva

D. spinal fluid, cytosol, and blood

plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph

Which type of tissue fills internal spaces and provides structural support and a framework for communication within the body?

A. connective tissue

B. muscle tissue

C. neural tissue

D. epithelial tissue

connective tissue

The mucous membranes that are lined by simple epithelia perform the functions of __________.

A. respiration and excretion

B. absorption and secretion

C. digestion and circulation

D. absorption, secretion, respiration, excretion, digestion, and circulation

absorption and secretion

The restoration of homeostasis after an injury involves which two related processes?

A. infection and immunization

B. isolation and reconstruction

C. necrosis and fibrosis

D. inflammation and regeneration

inflammation and regeneration

What are the three major types of cartilage found in the body?

A. collagen, reticular cartilage, and elastic cartilage

B. hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

C. regular, irregular, and dense cartilage

D. interstitial, appositional, and calcified cartilage

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

The flap (pinna) of the outer ear is extremely resilient and flexible because it contains __________.

A. elastic cartilage

B. collagen fibers

C. fibrous cartilage

D. dense irregular connective tissue

elastic cartilage

Bone cells found in the lacunae within the matrix are called __________.

A. adipocytes

B. chondrocytes

C. osteocytes

D. stroma

osteocytes

Muscle tissue has the ability to __________.

A. provide a framework for communication within the body

B. carry impulses from one part of the body to another

C. contract and produce active movement

D. cover exposed surfaces of the body

contract and produce active movement

What are the three types of muscle tissue found in the body?

A. elastic, hyaline, and fibrous

B. voluntary, involuntary, and nonstriated

C. striated, nonstriated, and fibrous

D. skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Skeletal muscle fibers are very unusual because they may be __________.

A. devoid of striations and spindle-shaped with a single nucleus

B. subject to the activity of pacemaker cells, which establish contraction rate

C. a foot or more in length, and each cell contains hundreds of nuclei

D. capable of division, unlike smooth muscle cells

a foot or more in length, and each cell contains hundreds of nuclei

Neural tissue is specialized to __________.

A. carry electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

B. provide structural support and fill internal spaces

C. line internal passageways and body cavities

D. contract and produce movement

carry electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

What is the major function of neurons in neural tissue?

A. to act as phagocytes that defend neural tissue

B. to provide supporting framework for neural tissue

C. to transmit signals that take the form of changes in the transmembrane potential

D. to regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid

to transmit signals that take the form of changes in the transmembrane potential

Which of the following is NOT associated with neural tissue?

A. dendrites

B. neuroglia

C. lacunae

D. axons

lacunae

The release of histamine by mast cells at an injury site produces which of the following responses?

A. bleeding, clotting, and healing

B. necrosis, fibrosis, and scarring

C. redness, warmth, and swelling

D. hematoma, shivering, and retraction

redness, warmth, and swelling

Which of the following is NOT associated with bone?

A. canaliculus

B. periosteum

C. chondrocyte

D. osteocyte

chondrocyte

If epithelial cells are classified according to their cell shape, the classes include __________.

A. squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

B. simple, squamous, and stratified

C. pseudostratified, stratified, and columnar

D. simple, stratified, and pseudostratified

squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

If epithelial cells are classified according to their function, the classes include cells involved with __________.

A. defense, support, and storage

B. support, transport, and storage

C. protection, defense, and transport

D. lining, covering, and secreting

lining, covering, and secreting

What distinguishes epithelial tissues from the other tissue types?

A. They always have a free surface exposed to the environment or to some internal chamber or passageway.

B. They do not contain blood vessels.

C. They have few extracellular materials between adjacent epithelial cells.

D. All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct:

- They always have a free surface exposed to the environment or to some internal chamber or passageway.

- They do not contain blood vessels.

- They have few extracellular materials between adjacent epithelial cells.

Why are certain epithelial cells called pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A. They are a mixture of cell types.

B. Their nuclei are all located the same distance from the cell surface.

C. They have a layered appearance, although all the cells contact the basal lamina.

D. They are stratified, and not all the cells contact the basal lamina.

They have a layered appearance, although all the cells contact the basal lamina.

What are three modes of secretion used by glandular epithelial cells?

A. alveolar, acinar, and tubuloacinar secretions

B. merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretions

C. simple, compound, and tubular secretions

D. serous, mucous, and mixed secretions

merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretions

Milk production in the breasts occurs through __________.

A. tubular secretion

B. merocrine secretion

C. apocrine secretion

D. holocrine secretion

apocrine secretion

How does holocrine secretion differ from other methods of secretion?

A. Cytoplasm is lost as well as the secretory product.

B. The secretory product is released through exocytosis.

C. The secretions leave the cell intact.

D. The product is released, but the cell is destroyed.

The product is released, but the cell is destroyed.

Which of the following choices includes one exocrine gland that secretes onto an internal surface and another exocrine gland that secretes onto an external surface?

A. thymus and salivary

B. pancreas and sweat

C. serous and pituitary

D. pituitary and thyroid

pancreas and sweat

What are the two fluid connective tissues found in the human body?

A. blood and lymph

B. collagen and plasma

C. ground substance and hyaluronic acid

D. mucous and matrix

blood and lymph

Supporting connective tissues found in the body are __________.

A. collagen and reticular fibers

B. muscle and bone

C. mast cells and adipocytes

D. cartilage and bone

cartilage and bone

Which fiber type forms a stroma that stabilizes cells of certain organs?

A. collagen fiber

B. elastic fiber

C. reticular fiber

D. muscle fiber

reticular fiber

During a weight-loss program, when nutrients are scarce, adipocytes __________.

A. tend to enlarge and eventually divide

B. differentiate into mesenchymal cells

C. deflate like collapsing balloons

D. are normally destroyed and disappear

deflate like collapsing balloons

Hyaline cartilage __________.

A. supports the vocal cords

B. connects the ribs to the sternum

C. supports the epiglottis

D. supports the pinna of the outer ear

connects the ribs to the sternum

In regard to its structural and functional properties, skeletal muscle tissue can be considered __________.

A. striated involuntary muscle

B. nonstriated voluntary muscle

C. striated voluntary muscle

D. nonstriated involuntary muscle

striated voluntary muscle

Mucous membranes have a major identifying characteristic. What is it?

A. They line the sealed, internal cavities of the body.

B. They line cavities that communicate with the exterior.

C. They minimize friction between opposing surfaces.

D. They ensure that enclosed organs of the body are in close contact at all times.

They line cavities that communicate with the exterior.

Mucous membranes would be found primarily in which of the following systems?

A. skeletal, lymphatic, circulatory, and muscular

B. digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary

C. integumentary, lymphatic, nervous, and endocrine

D. skeletal, muscular, endocrine, and circulatory

digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary

The pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium are examples of __________.

A. mucous membranes

B. serous membranes

C. visceral organs

D. visceral cavities

serous membranes

What is the primary function of a serous membrane?

A. reducing friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces

B. lining cavities that communicate with the exterior

C. providing nourishment and support to the body lining

D. establishing boundaries between internal organs

reducing friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces

In contrast to serous or mucous membranes, the cutaneous membrane is __________.

A. thin, permeable to water, and usually moist

B. covered with a specialized connective tissue, the lamina propria

C. thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry

D. lubricated by goblet cells found in the epithelium

thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry

What are two factors that distinguish synovial epithelium from other types of epithelia?

A. There is no basal lamina, and small spaces exist between adjacent cells.

B. There is a basal lamina, and small spaces exist between adjacent cells.

C. There is no basal lamina, and the cells are in rows next to each other.

D. There is a basal lamina, and the cells are in rows next to each other.

There is no basal lamina, and small spaces exist between adjacent cells.

Which type of loose connective tissue is the LEAST specialized?

A. brown fat

B. areolar tissue

C. white fat

D. reticular tissue

areolar tissue

The capsules that surround most organs, such as the kidneys and the organs in the thoracic and peritoneal cavities, are components of the __________.

A. subserous fascia

B. deep fascia

C. superficial fascia

D. subcutaneous layer

deep fascia

Which of the following is an example of dense irregular connective tissue?

A. capsule

B. tendon

C. ligament

D. aponeurosis

capsule

The permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue is called __________.

A. metaplasia

B. dysplasia

C. anaplasia

D. fibrosis

fibrosis

Which of the following is the best definition of "inflammation"?

A. pulling on the bones of the skeleton

B. the stimulation of macrophages to defend injured tissue

C. a defense that involves the coordinated activities of several tissues

D. the secretion of histamine to increase blood flow to the injured area

a defense that involves the coordinated activities of several tissues