HN World History II: Topic 10 + 11 Summative Assessment

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italian city-states such as Florence? Explain the importance of trade, wealth, and patronage.

Their location made them wealthy centers of Mediterranean trade and banking

The Medici family, gained enough wealth to financially support artists, architects, and scholars

This patronage allowed people such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci to spend their time developing new artistic and intellectual ideas. Florence's wealth therefore helped create an environment where Renaissance culture could grow.

What was Renaissance humanism, and what did humanists believe about education, classical learning, and human potential?

Humanism was an intellectual movement that emphasized the abilities and achievements of human beings.

Humanists studied the classical works of ancient Greece and Rome because they believed these writings could teach people about history, philosophy, government, and morality.

Promoted teaching in English, History, and poetry

How did patrons such as the Medici family help Renaissance artists and scholars introduce new ideas?

Patrons, including the Medici family supported by offering money, protection, and commissions

How did Renaissance art differ from medieval art? Consider realism, anatomy, perspective, and classical influence.

Renaissance artists focused much more on realism and accurate human anatomy than many medieval artists

Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci studied the human body to make figures look more realistic, while linear perspective

Medieval artists also drew heavily from ancient Greek and Roman art, including realistic human forms and classical architectural styles. (focused on religious art)

How did the printing press help the Renaissance and other new ideas spread across Europe?

Johannes Gutenberg's printing press, developed in the mid-1400s, made books much faster and cheaper to produce than hand-copying them.

Renaissance writings and classical texts could reach a larger audience

Helped spread humanist ideas and later Protestant writings

What problems within the Catholic Church contributed to the Reformation? Explain the controversy surrounding indulgences and Church corruption.

One major controversy involved indulgences, which were a pardon for a person’s sins during their lifetime

Martin Luther argued that forgiveness could not simply be obtained through a financial payment and started the Protestant Reformation

Church corruption: Church officials had abused their positions for money and power

What did Martin Luther teach about salvation, and why did his beliefs challenge Catholic practices and papal authority?

Taught that people were saved through faith in God rather than through good works or purchasing indulgences, an idea known as justification by faith alone.

His beliefs challenged Catholic authority because they rejected the idea that the pope and Church had the exclusive authority to determine how people received salvation.

Why did some German princes support Luther, and how did the Reformation divide Europe politically and religiously?

Some agreed with his religious teachings, (justification by faith) while others saw an opportunity to reduce the Catholic Church's influence and gain greater control over their own territories and Church property

This division between Europe contributed to political conflicts and religious wars between rulers and groups with different religious loyalties.

How did the Peace of Augsburg and Henry VIII's English Reformation change the relationship between rulers and religion?

Allowed each ruler of the Holy Roman Empire to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism for his territory, strengthening the connection between political rulers and religious authority.

Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church after the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Henry established the Church of England, making the English monarch its supreme head.

How did the Catholic Church respond through the Jesuits, education, the Inquisition, and internal religious reform?

The Jesuits, founded by Ignatius of Loyola, emphasized education, missionary work, and loyalty to the Catholic Church.

Catholic schools helped educate clergy and spread Catholic teachings

The Inquisition investigated and punished people considered guilty of heresy, while reforms within the Church attempted to improve discipline and correct abuses.

What economic, political, and religious motivations encouraged European rulers to fund overseas exploration?

European rulers supported exploration because they wanted wealth, political power, and the spread of Christianity.

Economically, Europeans wanted direct access to valuable Asian goods such as spices, silk, and other luxury products without depending on expensive overland and Mediterranean trade routes.

Rulers wanted to increase the size and wealth of their kingdoms and compete with other European powers

Why did European nations seek out other routes to Asian trade? What unseen consequences resulted from this?

European nations wanted alternative routes because existing trade routes to Asia were expensive and often controlled by Middle Eastern and Mediterranean merchants, which increased the price of Asian goods

Portugal attempted to reach Asia by sailing around Africa, while Spain sponsored Christopher Columbus's westward voyage.

How did Portuguese voyages around Africa establish a direct maritime connection between Europe and Asia?

Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern tip of Africa in 1488, proving that ships could sail around the continent and in 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope.

This gave Portugal a direct sea route between Europe and Asian markets and allowed Portugal to establish trading posts and control important parts of the Indian Ocean trade.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas, and what does it reveal about European attitudes toward non-European lands?

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided newly claimed overseas territories between Spain and Portugal, with a dividing line established in the Atlantic.

The treaty reveals that European powers believed they had the authority to claim and divide territories inhabited by other peoples without their permission. Indigenous governments were not included in the agreement.

How did competition between Spain and Portugal contribute to permanent global interaction and expanding European empires?

Portugal built a trading empire stretching from Africa to India and parts of Southeast Asia, while Spain conquered and colonized large areas of the Americas.

Their activities connected Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas through permanent trade, migration, warfare, and cultural exchange.

Why were Europeans interested in Asian markets, and why were Asian empires reluctant to let Europeans control European access?

European attempts to establish forts, ports, and monopolies threatened existing Asian merchants and political authority, so powerful Asian states generally tried to maintain control over their own territories and commerce

Why did some Asian rulers view European merchants and Christian missionaries as threats to political authority and cultural stability?

European merchants sometimes attempted to gain special trading privileges, ports, and military influence, which could interfere with the authority of local rulers.

Christian missionaries also introduced a religion that sometimes competed with established religious and cultural traditions.

Why did Mughal emperor Jahangir balance openness to European trade with protection of his own political power?

He recognized that European merchants could bring useful goods and contribute to international trade, so he allowed some European commercial activity in the Mughal Empire.

However, he did not want European powers to become politically powerful enough to threaten Mughal authority

Why did Tokugawa Japan restrict foreign trade, travel, and Christian missionary activity?

Japanese rulers were particularly concerned that Christian converts might place religious loyalty above loyalty to the shogunate

The government therefore limited foreign trade and travel and eventually banned Christianity,

How were the Chinese, Mughal, and Japanese responses to European contact similar and different?

China was okay with the idea, but believed it was unecessary since their dynasty was thriving

The Mughal Empire strongly allowed European merchants to operate

Japan severely restricted foreign contact and was cautious about ships spreading into foreign countries

What major factors helped Europeans conquer and colonize the Americas?

Military technology, alliances with Indigenous groups, disease, and political divisions among Indigenous peoples

Spanish forces possessed weapons and horses that gave them military advantages, while diseases such as smallpoxcaused devastating population losses among Indigenous communities.

How did the Spanish, French, and British colonial models differ in settlement, labor, trade, religion, and relationships with Indigenous peoples?

The Spanish generally established permanent settlements, used systems such as the encomienda to obtain Indigenous labor, and strongly emphasized Catholic conversion.

The French focused heavily on the fur trade and often developed trade alliances with Indigenous peoples because they depended on Indigenous trading networks.

The British established large numbers of permanent settlements and agricultural colonies, which increased competition for Indigenous land.

How did European colonization affect Indigenous populations through disease, forced labor, conversion, taxation, and territorial displacement?

European diseases, especially smallpox, killed large numbers of Indigenous people who lacked immunity. In Spanish colonies, systems

Missionaries attempted to convert Indigenous peoples to Christianity, while European governments and settlers claimed Indigenous territory.

Why did European empires compete for territory and trade in North America?

Colonies provided access to valuable natural resources, trade routes, land, and economic opportunities.

The French became heavily involved in the fur trade, while the British established agricultural colonies and sought additional territory. Spain also maintained colonies farther south and west.

Atlantic Slave Trade

System of slave trade from Africa to the Amerias

Heavily abusive, 11 million Africans sent into slavery

Outlawed in 180C

Columbian Exchange

Transfered plants, animals, and diseases between hemispheres