AMH2020 EXAM 2 (progressive movement - WWI)

progressive movement/era

intense period of social and political reform in america

progressives

people who see problems in america and respond to them in industrial society

progressives recognize ______ and want to impose _____.

chaos, order

what was the progressive demographic?

- middle and upper class women
- politicians (at all levels)
- religious thinkers
- educators/teachers
- journalists
- social scientists

ideas that united reformers:

- the lincoln ideal
- first wave feminism

what is the lincoln ideal?

the idea that lincoln was seen as a national martyr for the nation and represented selfless public service, thus inspiring reform that emulated him

what we're the 2 spheres?

- public (male dominated, corrupted politics and businesses)
- domestic (female occupied, homes and safe havens)

first wave feminism

way to justify women's participation in the public sphere

what was the justification for women's suffrage and involvement in the public sphere?

their nurturing and religious tendencies make them most suitable for cleaning up the corruption and sin of the public sphere

temperance movement

movement led by women to ban alcohol

muckrakers

investigative journalists who wanted to expose corruption in society

who wrote an exposé on standard oil and how monopolies were bad for consumers?

Ida Tarbell

what was Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle" about?

exposed the working conditions in Chicago's meat packing industry

what was a result of "The Jungle"?

the Pure Food and Drug Act or 1906 (created the FDA)

the social gospel

the biggest religious reform to come out of the progressive movement

who created the social gospel?

Walter Rauschenbusch

what did the social gospel claim?

american christianity was in crisis because they were fulfilling their main purpose
- called for direct outreach efforts (healthcare, clothing, and food provided to the poor)

what was the Salvation Army?

churches who responded to this call to action and fulfilled these ideas

settlement house

a house in poor immigrant neighborhoods that provides free services to residents of that neighborhood
- typically staffed by middle and upper class women

the first settlement house

Hull House
- founded in 1889 by Jane Addams

what motivated jane adams?

she was a young women with a good education but was expected to be a house mom. after traveling to europe she encountered a settlement house and opened her own.

what did Hull House offer?

food, clothing, healthcare, english classes, art classes, family planning, women's reproductive education, etc.

what did margaret sanger go to jail for?

offering contraceptives to young immigrant women

who was margaret sanger?

"mother of american birth control" and advocate of eugenics

eugenics

idea of breeding out undesirable traits in a population, creating a better society by stopping certain people from procreating

what we're president Teddy Roosevelt's two main areas of reform?

- corporate monopolies (bad for consumers, no competition = they determine prices)
- conservation of natural resources/national parks

lynching

the ritualized murder of (typically) a black individual used to maintain segregation in the south

what did the 16th amendment do? (1913)

created a graduated income tax

who suggested the 16th amendment?

the populist party

2 major concerns of the populists:

1. politicians aren't accountable enough to the people - breeds corruption
2. concerned with the chaotic nature of voting

who addressed the issue of voting?

Wisconsin governor Robert LaFollete

2 types of elections introduced by LaFollete:

- recall
- referendum

recall election

voters can vote to remove an official from office
- only done on the local/state level
- more democratic
- increases accountability

referendum election

voters vote directly on proposed laws
- designed to diffuse political power
- most democratic form of voting

voting prior to progressive reform was seen as a ______ _______.

social opportunity

what are some things associated with voting prior to progressive reform?

- verbal votes
- social pressure
- conflict/fighting
- bribery and corruption
- alcohol consumption

the australian ballot

go to a predetermined poll with the guarantee of one vote using a standardized paper ballot that had all of the candidates
- private voting booths and ballots placed in locked box
- much safer way of voting that eliminated influence or pressure

17th amendment

direct election of US senators
- the people elected senators instead of state legislators
- increase accountability

what was the goal of black reformers at the time?

reform racial discrimination and segregation

what is the NAACP?

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

what we're the 2 major areas that the NAACP worked in?

1. the legal system - this organization of lawyers challenged segregation laws and voter restrictions, filing lawsuits against states
2. pushed for federal anti-lynching laws

how was lynching used to stop people from defying segregation?

black reformers would be falsely accused of a crime and murdered as "public justice" instead of undergoing a trial
- highly public affairs

lynching was a method of _____ ______.

racial policing

what did Booker T. Washington and WEB Dubois both work on?

segregated and routinely unequal education systems

what motivated these figures?

they understood the importance of proper education
- Washington was a slave who attended vocational school when he got freed and found great success
- Dubois born a freeman with a first rate education (first black to earn a phD from Harvard)

why did Washington and Dubois disagree on how to best address these issues?

varying backgrounds

accommodationism

Washington's view that blacks should accommodate to segregation until they can prove that they are economically sufficient

how did Washington enforce his beliefs?

he opened Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to provide blacks with the same education opportunities he got

why did Dubois oppose Washington's "solution"?

he believed that blacks couldn't enjoy this economic standing if they didn't have civil rights

what was Dubois's "solution"?

blacks should have classical liberal arts educations to contribute to the cause

who was Ida B. Wells?

another black reformer who disagreed with Washington

what was Ida B. Wells main issues?

- women's sufferage
- lynching (she was a muckraker who exposed lynching in the south)

what happened to the US by the end of 1918?

we became a global super power

2 processes of imperialism:

- building of an overseas empire (began in 1890s, idea taken from Britain)
- intervention in WWI

what was the white man's burden?

a phrase that referenced Rudyard Kipling's poem about non-Europeans (especially Africans and Asians) needing the intervention of Europeans to become more evolved

the white man's burden started with an assumption of _______ vs. ________.

superiority, inferiority

colonizing other areas to help those people become civilized was seen as a _______ ________.

moral imperative

what was the significance of pear's soap ad? ⭐️

the product was marketed as enhancing civilization
- undertone of colonization and christianization
- suggested that "the white man's burden" was a common idea

economic motivations for imperialism:

- natural resources (rubber and petroleum for heavy industry, sugar and spices)
- markets

market

any region in which you are selling your produced goods

why we're new markets for american goods needed by the 1890s?

too much was being produced with too little consumption

reason for troublesome american markets?

- panic of 1893: people purchase less during economic depressions
- saturated markets: people already owned the things being sold

2 major regions where territory started to be acquired:

- the pacific
- the caribbean

what was the business demographic in hawaii starting in the 1850s ?

american owned sugar plantations with hawaiian and japanese workers

who were the sugar barons?

highly influential business owners who stayed to manipulate the hawaiian political system to protect their interests

Queen Lili'uokalani

a new nationalist monarch who threatened the sugar barons' influence and wanted the political system to work for Hawaiians
- "Hawaii for the Hawaiians"

what was the result of the queen coming to power?

the sugar barons called in assistance from the US marines to have her surrender her throne and implement a new president (sandford dole)

annexation

when a nation claims a territory
- happened to Hawaii under opposition from natives

all of the US's trouble with spain started in _____ with the ______ _______ movement.

Cuba, cuban independence

why was the US interested in the cuban independence movement?

- proximity
- kinship/sympathy (reminded them of the american revolution)

what did yellow journalists do?

sensationalized the cuban independence movement

what was the USS Maine?

a US naval vessel anchored in Havana harbor as a show of force

what happened to the USS Maine?

it blew up due to engine issues

what we're people made to believe happened to the USS Maine?

yellow journalism pinned the blame of the explosion on spain
- "remember the main"

what happened in april 1898?

the IS declared war on Spain

characteristics of the spanish american war:

- known as "a splendid little war"
- attracted a bunch of volunteers: seen as a chance to proved masculinity
- ended in 10 weeks: most deaths from disease

what did the Treaty of Paris (1898) do?

settled the spanish american war
- cuba became a temporary US protectorate for 10 years
- US got a lot of territory: Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines

what happened in the Philippines from 1899-1902?

they fought the US in an independence movement

who led the massive anti-imperialism movement in the US?

Mark Twain

progressives were also ______-_______.

anti-imperialism

why we're american labor movements anti-imperialism?

they thought that imperialism would leaves to immigrants and that those immigrants would threaten jobs

WWI

- 1914-1918
- began in europe
- quickly spread because of old military alliances
- US didn't get involved until 1917 but came out of the war as the strongest nation

alliances

if one country goes to war, all of their allie's have to join

why was the ally system established?

to prevent war in europe (backwards logic)

what triggered the war?

assassination of Austria-Hungary heir archduke franz ferdinand in the summer of 1914
- killed by serbian terrorist group "the black hand"

the central powers

austria hungary and germany

the allied powers

russia, great britain, and france

why did the allied powers get involved?

russia supported serbia (saw itself as a "big brother" to small eastern european countries)

2 front war

fighting is going on in 2 different places

what we're true 2 fronts in WWI?

- eastern front: border between russia and the central powers
- western front: border between germany and france

US's 2 reasons for neutrality:

1. internal turmoil - how would the war affect society?
2. no previous experience intervening in european conflict - lacked the reputation

2 german actions that made the US join the war:

1. germany practiced unrestricted submarine warfare - shot at anything suspicious of carrying supplies
2. the zimmerman telegram - coded telegram sent from germany to mexico offering a military alliance

what happened to the Lusitania in 1915?

germany sunk it, angering the US because although it was carrying supplies it also killed americans onboard

how did the US get the zimmerman telegram?

britain intercepted, cracked, and surrendered it to Woodrow Wilson

what happened in april 1917?

the US declared war on Germany

why did the US join the war just in time?

britain really needed the help after being worn down

what happened in november 1917?

russia dropped out of the war because of the communist revolution

what did the communist revolution cause?

animosity between east and west europe and the closure of the eastern front

what happened when the eastern front was close?

all of germany's soldiers were moved to the western front

why did the US have to put together a war effort so quickly?

they didn't maintain a large professional army (avoided because Britain used to to that to the colonies in an act of tyranny)