kins 1100 Midterm 2 axial skeleton

what bones consist of the axial skeleton

skull, hyoid bones, vertebral column, thoracic cage, ossicles

what are the 8 bones of the skull

frontal, temporal (2), parietal(2), occipital, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone,

what are the sphenoid and ethmoid bones

sphenoid: deep from the nose. in between nose and ethmoid

ethmoid: butterfly looking bone deep from the sphenoid

what is the hole under the skull for the brain-spine connection called

foramen magnum

where are the occipital condyles

they are located at the base of the occipital lobe on either side of the foramen magnum.

what is the function of the occipital condyles

they are oval shaped cranial prominences that act as the joint between the head and atlas(c1) . They allow for tilting and nodding.

where is the mastoid process and what is it

it is a bony prominence located on the temporal lobes of the skull. It serves as an anchor point to major neck muscles and has air spaces that connect to the ear.

where is the perpendicular plate located

in the ethmoid bone

what are the 4 main facial bones we cover in this class

maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, nasal

what is the zygomatic process

it is a little bump extending from the temporal bone and facing downwards. located on the posterior side of the zygomatic arch

whats the zygomatic arch

the arch that bridges the temporal lobe of the skull near the ear to the zygomatic bone at the front of the face under the eyes

name the 3 main sutures of the skull

coronal (horizontal fissure from superior view of skull facing up or down, frontal plane), sagittal suture ( vertical suture from sup view or on sagittal plane)

whats the irregular shaped bone called that has sutures around it and is not part of the other skull bones

sutural bone

what do u call c1 and c2

atlas and axis

what is the joint called between atlas and occipital condyles

atlanto-occipital joint

what is the joint called between atlas and axis

atlantoaxial

what cervical vertebrae are considered “typical”

c3-c6

how can you tell the difference between c1 and c2 by sight

c1: overall shape is rounder when seen from the top but the vertebral is lamp shaped

c2: overall shape has the spinous process which makes it more drop shaped. Fossa is very round though.

what movements can be made from the joints between c1 & head and c1-c2

c1 & head (atlanto-occipital joint): allows for head tilting aka lateral flexion/extension (ear to shoulder) in the and nodding aka flexion/extension of neck.

c1 & c2: allows for head rotation. The joint that allows for the greatest degree of rotation in the spine. Hence the name axis

What are ways to identify the cervical vertebrae

transverse foramen, spinous process is bifurcated (forked), oval shaped body

what are identifiers of the thoracic vertebrae

facets or demifacets for the ribs, heart shaped with larger and stronger bodies, longer transverse and spinous processes, longer transverse processes

why is the thoracic region the one with the lowest overall mobility

the ribs

why does the lumbar region have the lowest overall rotational mobility

its facet joints are aligned vertically in the sagittal plane. The superior facets are pointed medially and the inferior are pointed externally

identifier of lumbar vertebrae

blunted end (process), not as slanted

whats the term for the normal curve of your spine towards the front of your body (cervical, lumbar)

lordotic - Hyperlordotic is when the spine curves too far forward - Lordosis

whats its called when the spine curves backward (thoracic, coccyx)

Kyphotic - Hyperkyphotic - Kyphosis

what is the purpose of curves in the spine

dissipating the direction of energy/weight instead of straight downwards

how many pairs of ribs

12

what are true ribs

connect directly to the sternum

what are false ribs

ribs attached to sternum through carttillage, includes the false ribs

whats the top of sternum called

manubrium

what are the middle and bottom of sternum vcalled

body, xiphoid process