terms bio

ecology

study between interactions of environments

organismal ecology

How organisms interact

population ecology

factors that affect size growth, involving environmental factors

community growth

How interactions affect how community is organized

ecosystem ecology

Energy flow and chemical cycling

Biosphere

sum of all ecosystems

Ecosystem

Are powered by flow of energy

Biotic factor

Living factor (trees)

Abiotic factors

Weather

What is the key of a ecosystem

sunlight

Wind is

Wind is a abiotic factor that regulates temp

What does temp do?

Temp changes how organisms adapt to it

Life depends on…

Depends on checmical cycling of chem elements

What is an example of chemical cycling

C and N traveling through biotic and abiotic factors

Biochemical cycling

Means chemical cycling Ex: eating animals nutrients

What does greenhouses do

Keeps earth habitable by absorbibg CO2 and then releasing it during night time

Due to climate change greenhouses?

Worsen climate change by retaining heat temperatures since theres more CO2 then what earth can release

Water is..

polar

COhesion

Mol bonds STICKING together creating SURFACE TENSION Ex: spider on a plastic wrap creating surface tension

ADhesion

Mol bonds CLINGING on one another ex: raindrops on windshield

AQ solution

A solution DISSOLVED in water , by water mol breaking down hydrogen ions and hydrooxide

What happens if you remove the H+ hydrogen ions from something acidic

It becomes BASIC and therefore LESS ACIDIC INCREASE IN PH

What happens if you add the H+ hydrogen ions from something acidic

It becomes more acidic! AND DEcreases PH

What makes something acid?

Adding hydrogen ions

Buffers..

Minimize change in PH by regulating by removing or adding H+ when needed

What is a example of buffering happenig

When you exercise your PH decreases like becoming more acidic and the buffer regulates it

Base

removes HYDROGEN IONS and adds HYDROOXIDE neutralizing substance

Exponential growth

Population growth doubling after previous generation, with UNLimited factors, after a disturbance

Logistics model

Environment with limiting factors and CARRYING capacity

Carrying capacity

the maximum of pop size of a species that environment can sustain without being degrade

Logistic Growth 1.

Growth that happens when population reaches limiting capacity, due TO LIMITING FACTORS, and birth pop and death rate are equal

DENsity DEPENDENT

factors that increase or decrease due to pop size, creating competition for example of resources due to large competition

Density INDEPENDENT limiting factors

factors that are uncontrollable like weather or wind

Human age structure

size of this generation can be used to predict the next generation

Biological community

Sum of ALL organisms populations

INTERspecific species

relationship between species can be based of how they affect population involved

Competition

Resources overlapping , can harm , share d esources, 2 cannot coexist

Mutualism

Interactions between pop that can benefit from each other Ex: flower pollinators

predator:

animals that prey on others, preys learn to evolve

pathogens

ccause diseases Ex: humans have pathogens

Herbivore

The eating of plants by animals

parasite

live on or in host

competitive exlcusion principal

reproductive success by one species harms the chances of survival of the other vice versa

trophic structure

feeding relationship

How does the feeding relationship work in the trophic structure?

Organisms at a high level eat low

Trophic structure also means

Flow of energy through ecosystems

Food chain

Food energy passing through individuals

food webs

several different species, occupy trophic levels and compete for food resources (prey)

Biological magnification

energy lost during each transfer, organisms Must consume at a LOW level , TOXICITY can be passed on

Biological magnification can also mean

how toxics becoming more concentrated as they pass down the food chain to the TOP LEVEL, so fishes at the primary level or secondary can be incredibly toxic

Bio diversity

Variety of living things on earth within biosphere

Biodiversity genetic

Genes in a population, genes, and how genes have a survival advantadage , if theres less genes passed on it can make a population less able to adapt,

What is an example of biodiversity genetics being lost as one ecosystem changes environment?

irish potato famine becoming more bad due to a pathogen

Species Biodiversity

Number of different species, new species appear and old disappear

ecosystem biodiversity

Variety of ecosystems, decline of ecosystems, threaten ecosystems services

What is an example of ecosystem biodiversity being harmed

decline of ecosystems can cause for example wet lands stop absorbing plants

What are threats to biodiversity

deforestation, overharvesting dev, invasive species, pollution

Habit destruction

mining, constructions, in forests etc

Overharvesting development

killing ecosystems faster than they can reproduce, which can cause damages to biodiversity, ex: hunting bisons faster than they can reproduce

Invasive species

non-native plant introduced into new place, which will either be a predator or will cause the population to grow fast

pollution

Oil spills, atm, polluting grounds

Climate changee

alters ecosystems faster than they can adapt, so flowers emerging before pollinators come

What is the 1st trophic level

primary PRODUCER

What is the 2nd trophic level

PRIMARY CONSUMERS

What is the 3rd trophic level

SECONDARY consumer

What is the 4th trophic level

TERTIARY consumer

Species Diversity

Just species diversity

ex: coral reefs have high diversity

Species Richness

NUMBER of different species

Relative abundance

total life in A community (singular)

ex: A ecosystem dominated by 1 species has HIGH abundance

Keystone Species

One species may have disproportionate effect on the overall species

ex: If sea otters are wiped it allows sea urchins to increases because the sea urchins are alive and eat kelp forests

Ecological Succesion

After a disturbance killing organism affecting available sources

will be colonized by diff species

Secondary succession

A disturbance leaving soil intact allowing plant life to return fast

ecological footprint

estimate of land/war required to sustain a person

humans have huge impact on ecological resources

Forest destruction

Forests being destroyed for agriculture, cannot be sustained at the rate its happening

Freshwater depletion

Threats to freshwater , like pollution, fertilizer, due to climate change

Declining species

Endangered animals due to habitat destruction

Conservation biology

Seeks to reverse loss of biodiversity by maintaining GENETIC biodiversity

Conservation biologists..

Aim to preserve biodiversity of an entire ecosystem

Restoration biology

uses ecological principles to help repair degraded areas

If humans are..

motivated to prevent an animals extinction it can help

Fragmentation

The splitting of habitats that causes small pops to isolate from each other

Commensalism

one member benefits and the other is neither harmed nor gets a benefit

Which type of energy is present in the C-H bonds of the glucose molecule?

Potential energy

Which of the following processes provides energy in the form of ATP to nearly all living organisms?

Glycolysis

The light reaction undergoes the following stages except _______

Production of glucose

How do primary producers facilitate the movement of essential elements through a food chain?

By converting inorganic elements into organic compounds.

How many hydrogen bonds can be formed by a single water molecule?

three

The ATP and NADPH produced during the light reactions are used in the Calvin cycle to:

Reduce carbon dioxide to sugars

In a food chain consisting of plants, rabbits, and foxes, how is energy conserved according to the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy is transferred from plants to rabbits to foxes, losing some as heat at each step.

What would be the consequence of removing mutualistic interactions from an ecosystem?

A decrease in ecosystem stability and species diversity

The association between flowering plants and insects is an example of:

Mutualism

Which characteristic is typical of pioneer species in primary ecological succession?

Ability to thrive in nutrient-poor environments.

If there are 12 billion globally productive hectares available and the human population is 8 billion, what is the maximum sustainable ecological footprint per person?

1.5 global hectares per person

How does ocean upwelling contribute to marine ecosystem health?

By bringing nutrient-rich water from the deep to the surface

How might climate change impact mutualistic relationships in ecosystems?

By disrupting the timing of interactions, such as pollination

If you were to assess the impact of seasonal temperature changes on ecosystem productivity, what would you likely conclude about temperate broadleaf forests versus tropical rainforests?

Tropical rainforests maintain higher productivity because of stable temperatures year-round.

Evaluate the significance of the mutualistic relationship between plant roots and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in nutrient uptake.

It enhances nutrient uptake by converting atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants.