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Civil law
The legal tradition rooted in Roman codification.
Twelve Tables
Rome’s earliest public, written legal code.
Decemvirs
The ten officials charged with drafting the Twelve Tables.
Special legislation
Laws created for particular cases or individuals, not general principles.
Jurisconsults
Legal experts whose interpretations shaped Roman law.
Forum
The civic center where Rome’s legal and political life converged.
English common law
A legal system that evolved from Roman law but is based on judicial precedent.
Praetors
Roman magistrates responsible for administering justice.
Papinian
A preeminent Roman jurist whose writings influenced legal thought.
Justinian
The Byzantine emperor who codified and consolidated Roman law.
Tribonian
The leading legal scholar who organized Justinian’s legal compilations.
Code
The comprehensive collection of imperial laws under Justinian.
Institutes
A textbook summarizing the core principles of Roman law within Justinian’s system.
Digest
A compilation of legal opinions and writings.
Novels
Additional laws issued by Justinian following the initial codification.
Corpus Juris Civilis
The complete body of civil law compiled under Justinian.
Jus civilis
The law applicable specifically to Roman citizens.
Jus gentium
The law governing relations between Romans and non-Romans.
Romano-Germanic legal system
The synthesis of Roman legal principles with Germanic customs.
Irnerius
A medieval scholar credited with reviving the study of Roman law.
Glossators
Scholars who annotated and clarified Roman legal texts.
Commentators
Later experts who expanded on the glossators’ interpretations.
Bartolus
A prominent medieval jurist whose work influenced European legal systems.
Napoleonic Code
The French legal system inspired by Roman codification.
Jean Portalis
One of the principal architects of the Napoleonic Code.
Civil law systems
Modern legal frameworks derived from the Roman tradition of codified law.
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