📘 Exam 1 Study Guide (CLO1–5)

What does superior (cranial) mean?

Toward the head

What does inferior (caudal) mean?

Toward the feet

What does anterior (ventral) mean?

Toward the front of the body

What does posterior (dorsal) mean?

Toward the back of the body

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline

What does intermediate mean?

Between medial and lateral

What does ipsilateral mean?

On the same side

What does contralateral mean?

On the opposite side

What does proximal mean?

Near the point of attachment

What does distal mean?

Far from the point of attachment

What does superficial mean?

Toward the surface of the body

What does deep mean?

Away from the surface of the body

What does parietal mean?

Lines the cavity wall

What does visceral mean?

Covers the organ

What are the 3 main parts of the skin?

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis (deep to superficial)?

Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

Papillary (loose CT, fingerprints), Reticular (dense irregular CT, strength & elasticity)

Name 2 epidermal derivatives.

Hair, nails, glands (sebaceous/sweat)

What are the 4 types of bone cells and their functions?

Osteoprogenitor (stem cells), Osteoblasts (build bone), Osteocytes (maintain bone), Osteoclasts (break down bone)

What are the two main types of bone tissue?

Compact bone (osteons, strength) and spongy bone (trabeculae, red marrow)

What bones make up the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

Limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Clavicle + scapula

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

Ilium, ischium, pubis

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

Synarthroses (immovable), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable), Diarthroses (freely movable)

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

Provide examples of synovial joints.

Gliding (carpals), Hinge (elbow, knee), Pivot (atlas/axis), Condyloid (wrist), Saddle (thumb), Ball & socket (shoulder, hip)