8--WATER_&_MAJOR_MINERALS

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31 Terms

1

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances. Water is often referred to as the "universal solvent"

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2

solute

a substance that is dissolved in a solution. In the body it is often an electrolyte, carbohydrate, or protein.

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3

electrolyte

an ionic compound whose aqueous solution has the ability to conduct an electric current. An example of an electrolyte is the ion sodium (Na+) when it is dissolved in water.

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4

electrolyte balance

Condition when the body has the proper relative proportions of minerals and water to sustain health and well-being.

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5

ion

a charged atom

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6

cation

a positively charged ion (ex: sodium / Na+)

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7

anion

a negatively charged ion (ex: chloride / Cl-)

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8

extracellular fluid

body fluids located outside of cells (ex: blood and fluid between body cells)

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9

intracellular fluid

the fluid contained within cells

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10

mineral

a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition found on the periodic table of elements

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11

hypokalemia

low blood potassium concentrations

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12

hypoglycemia

low blood glucose concentrations

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13

hyponatremia

low blood sodium concentrations

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14

cofactor

a mineral or non-protein chemical compound (vitamin) required for an enzyme's activity as a catalyst. Thus, cofactors can be subcategorized as either inorganic ions (minerals) or coenzymes (vitamins)

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15

bioavailability

the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

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16

osmosis

passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water will move via osmosis towards solutes.

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17

metabolic water

water generated in the tissues during the chemical breakdown of the energy-yielding nutrients in foods

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18

evaporative cooling

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state. It occurs following a person sweating/perspiring.

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19

radiant heat loss

heat lost from a person to a room that is cooler than their body temperature (98.6F)

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20

overhydration

above normal amounts of water in extracellular spaces diluting the electrolytes and causing health issues (possibly even death).

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21

plasma

fluid portion of blood

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22

insensible water loss

the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation from the eyes and exhalation from the lungs during breathing

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23

hypernatremia

a condition in which blood sodium levels are dangerously high.

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24

sensible water loss

water loss that is noticed by a person, such as through urine output and visible sweating

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25

thirst mechanism

hypothalamus stimulating a conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in blood salt concentration or a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume

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26

Metabolic water (water of oxidation)

Water produced from cellular metabolism (about 10% of our body's water).

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27

critical

very important

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28

Thermoregulation

the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.

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29

strenuous

requiring tremendous energy or stamina

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30

dehydrated

the state in which a large amount of water has been lost or removed from the body (more water and possibly electrolytes needed to replenish the loss)

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31

salt

An ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base (ex: Na + Cl = table salt)

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