8--WATER_&_MAJOR_MINERALS

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31 Terms

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solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances. Water is often referred to as the "universal solvent"

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solute

a substance that is dissolved in a solution. In the body it is often an electrolyte, carbohydrate, or protein.

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electrolyte

an ionic compound whose aqueous solution has the ability to conduct an electric current. An example of an electrolyte is the ion sodium (Na+) when it is dissolved in water.

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electrolyte balance

Condition when the body has the proper relative proportions of minerals and water to sustain health and well-being.

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ion

a charged atom

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cation

a positively charged ion (ex: sodium / Na+)

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anion

a negatively charged ion (ex: chloride / Cl-)

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extracellular fluid

body fluids located outside of cells (ex: blood and fluid between body cells)

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intracellular fluid

the fluid contained within cells

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mineral

a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition found on the periodic table of elements

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hypokalemia

low blood potassium concentrations

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hypoglycemia

low blood glucose concentrations

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hyponatremia

low blood sodium concentrations

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cofactor

a mineral or non-protein chemical compound (vitamin) required for an enzyme's activity as a catalyst. Thus, cofactors can be subcategorized as either inorganic ions (minerals) or coenzymes (vitamins)

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bioavailability

the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

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osmosis

passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water will move via osmosis towards solutes.

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metabolic water

water generated in the tissues during the chemical breakdown of the energy-yielding nutrients in foods

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evaporative cooling

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state. It occurs following a person sweating/perspiring.

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radiant heat loss

heat lost from a person to a room that is cooler than their body temperature (98.6F)

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overhydration

above normal amounts of water in extracellular spaces diluting the electrolytes and causing health issues (possibly even death).

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plasma

fluid portion of blood

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insensible water loss

the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation from the eyes and exhalation from the lungs during breathing

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hypernatremia

a condition in which blood sodium levels are dangerously high.

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sensible water loss

water loss that is noticed by a person, such as through urine output and visible sweating

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thirst mechanism

hypothalamus stimulating a conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in blood salt concentration or a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume

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Metabolic water (water of oxidation)

Water produced from cellular metabolism (about 10% of our body's water).

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critical

very important

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Thermoregulation

the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.

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strenuous

requiring tremendous energy or stamina

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dehydrated

the state in which a large amount of water has been lost or removed from the body (more water and possibly electrolytes needed to replenish the loss)

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salt

An ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base (ex: Na + Cl = table salt)