Charles’ failure to compromise

Aggression of Par

Long Par assembled in Nov 1640
Impeachment of Laud and Strafford in 1641
Organised opposition to C = Pym’s Junto
Triennial Act 1641
Act of Attainder for Wentworth 1641, C forced to sign - Execution May 1641
Pym First Army plot - Catholic officers to release Strafford and dissolve Par by force
10 Propositions drawn up and given to C which largely increased Par power e.g. Par had right to approve the King’s advisers

The build-up to war

Rumours of Catholic massacres of Protestants in Ireland - 200k killed, Irish Army to land in NW Eng
Grand Remonstrance - Passed by 11 votes, given to C in Nov ‘41
Militia bill - 1641, allows Par to raise and control an army, pushed moderates to support C
In Jan 1642 C hears thar Par are to attempt to impeach Henrietta so tries to arrest Pym and 4 others but they hear of it and hide
C flees London and moves Par to York
June 1942 - 19 Propositions given to C

Victories of Par 1642-1624

Early stages of war - King was winning as seen at Edgehill, had officers who were experienced from serving in 30 years war
1643 - Solemn League and covenant - Par and Sco army join = win at adwalton moor 1644
New Model Army 20k men created and led by Fairfax and Cromwell
NMA major success in Battle of Naseby - June 1945

Settlement

CI surrendered to Sco in April 1646
Most wanted a return to king-in-parliament system
Newcastle propositions and Heads of Proposals offered to CI

Divisions in Parliament

Newcastle Propositions were offered to CI in July 1646 which stated that - Par would name key officers of state, Par control of army for 20 years, end of episcopacy + 3yr experimental period for Presbyterianism
CI never gave real answer
Heads of Proposals offered to C in Aug 1646 - Triennial act repealed and replaced with Biennial Act, Par would nominate key officers of state, Par would control army for 10 years, episcopacy to continue but restricted slightly

Politicisation of the army

Leveller influence in the army grew
At the Putney Debates in Oct 1647 - Case of the Army Truly Stated advocated for by Rainsborough - Complete religious freedoms, annual parliaments to be elected by all adult males
Cromwell was a mediator between NMA and levellers
Debate brought to abrupt end as heard that C’s escape from Hampton Court
Dec 1647 - C signed secret deal of “Engagement” with Sco, where he promised to establish a presbyterian church in Eng for 3 years in return for their military support vs the Parliamentarians in the 2nd Civil War

2nd Civil War

Sco enter Eng in April 1648 but easily put down by Cromwell
Negotiations to stop war were totally ineffective as Charles refused to make concessions e.g. point blank refusal to abolish bishops for over 3 years
Cromwell decided that by restarting the war in 1648 C had betrayed the trust of his people and Par sent him 4 separate bills regarding concessions which he said he would consider but never had any intention of agreeing to the terms
Prides Purge exclude over 200 mp’s → leaves rump par with 240 mp’s
CI found guilty of treason and beheaded on he 30th of Jan after 59 signatures to his death warrant - Including Cromwell

Timeline

1640 - Long par is called, Rot and Branch petition
1641 - Strafford killed ( Act of Attainder), Laud impeached, Triennial Act, Militia Bill, Irish Rebellion, Grand Remonstrance
1642 - C raises army and declares war, attempted arrest of 5 MP’s, 19 Propositions, Battle of Edgehill - Royalist win
1643 - Pym dies, Par form alliance (Solemn League and Covenant) with Sco
1644 - Par win at Marston Moor
1645 - Peace talks in Uxbridge break down, Par pass Self-Denying Ordinance, NMA created + led by Fairfax and Cromwell, Par win at Naseby ending war
1646 - C surrenders to Sco, Newcastle Propositions
1647 - NMA disbanded and soldiers not paid, Heads of Proposals, Case of Army Truly Stated, Putney Debates, C’s Engagement with Sco
1648 - Par try to negotiate with C for settlement, Pride’s purge
1649 - CI executed