CHEM 107: Unit 4

Arrhenius acid

A compound that increases the concentration of hydrogen ion (H+ ) in aqueous solution

Arrhenius base:

A compound that increases the concentration of hydroxide ion (OH− ) in aqueous solution

H^+

proton

Acids and bases react chemically with each other to form

Water + Salt(s)

Neutralization:

The reaction of acid and base to make water and a salt

Brønsted-Lowry acid

A compound that supplies a hydrogen ion (H+ ) in a reaction; a proton donor

Brønsted-Lowry base

A compound that accepts a hydrogen ion (H+ ) in a reaction; a proton acceptor

Amphiprotic:

A substance that can either donate or accept a proton, depending on the circumstances

Autoionization of water:

The process by which water ionizes into hydronium ions and hydroxide ions as it acts as an acid and a base

Strong acid

A compound that is 100% ionized in aqueous solution

Strong base

A compound that is 100% ionized in aqueous solution

Weak acid

A compound that is less than 100% ionized in aqueous solution

Weak base

A compound that is less than 100% ionized in aqueous solution

Chemical equilibrium (equilibrium):

: The condition in which the extent of a chemical reaction does not change any further

Dynamic equilibrium:

the reaction is proceeding forward and backward but the rates are equal so no change in concentration of product

pH scale:

A logarithmic scale that relates the concentration of the hydrogen ion in solution

Strength of acid

The lower the pH the stronger the acid

Neutral

pH of 7 is neural, equal amounts fo H+ and OH-

Strength of base

The higher the pH, the stronger the base

Buffers

Solutions that resists dramatic changes in pH, only work well for limited amounts of added strong acid/base

Capacity:

The amount of strong acid or base a buffer can counteract

Radioactivity

Emanations of particles and radiation from atomic nuclei

alpha particle

A type of radioactive emission that is equivalent to a helium atom nucleus

Beta particle

A type of radioactive emission that is equivalent to an electron

Gamma ray:

A type of radioactive emission that is a very energetic form of electromagnetic radiation

The relatively large alpha particle is _____ by matter

easily stopped

Beta particles ______ into matter

penetrate slightly

Gamma rays can __________ into matter

penetrate deeply

Spontaneous fission

The breaking apart of an atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei

Half-life

The amount of time it takes for one-half of a radioactive isotope to decay

Amount of a radioactive isotope remaining 

AR=Initial Amount * (1/2)^n

Becquerel (Bq)

a unit of radioactivity equal to one decay per second

Curie (Ci)

A unit of radioactivity equal to 3.7×10^10 decay per second

Rad

A unit of radioactive exposure equal to 0.01J/g of tissue

Rem

A unit of radioactive exposure that includes a factor to account for the type of radioactivity

Geiger counter:

an electrical device that detects radioactivity

Tracer:

A substance that can be used to follow the pathway of that substance through some structure

Einstein’s theory of relativity

E=mc²

C

speed of light or 3.00×10^8 m/s

Nuclear Energy

the controlled harvesting of energy from fission reactions

Nuclear reactor

an apparatus designed to  carefully control the progress of a nuclear reaction and extract the resulting energy for useful purposes

Chain reaction

an exponential growth in a process

Atomic bomb

A weapon that depends on a nuclear chain reaction to generate immense forces

Fusion

a nuclear process in which small nuclei are combined into larger nuclei, releasing energy.