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Define physical property.
Characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance's chemical composition, such as color, state, and transparency.
What is a chemical property?
A property that becomes evident during or after a chemical reaction; includes reactivity and flammability.
What are the states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
What are mixtures classified as?
Mixtures are classified as heterogeneous or homogeneous.
What is a pure substance?
A material composed of only one type of particle; includes elements and compounds.
Identify three types of elements based on properties.
Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
What is the significance of the periodic table?
It is used to identify metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and their families.
What are the four spheres of the Earth?
Biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere.
What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors?
Abiotic factors are non-living environmental components; biotic factors are living organisms.
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy, using carbon dioxide and water.
Explain the nitrogen cycle.
The process by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems.
What are the laws of electric charges?
Like charges repel each other, and opposite charges attract.
What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?
In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end; in a parallel circuit, components are connected across the same voltage source.
What causes the seasons on Earth?
The revolution (orbit), rotation, and tilt of the Earth.
What is a lunar eclipse?
An astronomical event where the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, casting a shadow on the Moon.
Name the inner rocky planets of the solar system.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
What is a galaxy?
A system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter, bound together by gravity.
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