AP World History S1 Exam Study Guide

Flashcards based on lecture notes for AP World History S1 exam review.

What is Filial Piety in the context of Song China?

The duty of family to put aside their desires to care for family and do what the male head of family says.

What is Champa Rice?

A fast ripening and drought resistant strain of rice that expanded China’s population rapidly during the Song Dynasty.

Define Textile.

Anything made out of cloth or woven fabrics.

What is Bureaucracy?

Appointed officials who carried out the empire's policies.

What was Foot-binding in Song China?

A practice that signified social status and restricted women.

Name two characteristics of Confucianism that influenced Chinese culture and government.

Confucian scholars produced literature and the civil service exam was based on Confucian texts.

Compare Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism.

Theravada focuses on personal and spiritual growth, is popular in Southeast Asia, while Mahayana is focused on spiritual growth for all beings and is popular in China and Korea.

What are three characteristics of the Song economy?

Proto-industrialization, taxes from public projects, and tributes from other states to the emperor.

How do civil service exams promote a merit-based bureaucracy?

Passing the exams based on Confucian texts proved knowledge and capability for government positions.

How is Neo-Confucianism different from Confucianism?

Neo-Confucianism blends Daoism with Confucian beliefs.

What technological innovations increased agricultural yields during the Song Dynasty?

Technological innovations such as the water wheel.

What does Dar al-Islam mean?

It means 'house of Islam' or the parts of the world where Islam was the dominant religion.

Describe how Islam spread rapidly throughout the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia.

Islam appealed to many due to its universal promise of equality, making it attractive to lower castes and the poorer populations.

What were three areas of excellence during the Islamic Golden Age?

Education, astronomy, and mathematics.

List three commonalities between Hindu and Buddhist states in South and Southeast Asia.

Both emphasized spirituality, established similar social structures, and influenced each other's practices.

Name three states that developed during this period in South and Southeast Asia.

Chola Dynasty, Vijayanagara Empire, Majapahit Kingdom.

What are the major tenets of the Bhakti Movement?

It did not discriminate, emphasized emotion in spiritual life, and developed strong attachments to particular deities.

What are the major tenets of Sufism?

Giving up worldly possessions, purification of soul, and getting closer to God.

Describe the impact of monasticism on Buddhism.

Monasticism involved ethical living but some monks became corrupt, leading to distrust.

What does Angkor Wat in Cambodia display?

Hindu influence in Southeast Asia.

How did Islam spread rapidly throughout Southeast Asia?

Through the efforts of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries.

Name two indigenous civilizations with a strong central government in the Americas.

Aztecs (Mexica) and Inca.

Name three indigenous civilizations that were decentralized.

Maya, Cahokia, Chaco.

What are three common characteristics of indigenous American cultures?

Human sacrifice, polytheism, and farming practices.

What significant geographic feature contributed to the Inca Empire's expansion?

An extensive road system.

Name three significant states/empires in Africa during this time period.

Ghana, Mali, Ethiopia.

What technique are the Bantus credited with spreading throughout Africa?

New agricultural techniques and iron metallurgy.

What was the Manorial System?

A defense system requiring self-sufficiency.

Define Decentralization in a political context.

Political organization that has no central authority.

What is Serfdom?

A system where individuals are tied to the land but are not considered enslaved.

What is Feudalism?

A system providing protection through mutual obligations and land ownership.

What is a Fief?

Tracts of land granted to lords in exchange for protection for the king.

Describe the feudal pyramid.

Monarchs grant fiefs to lords, who provide land to knights, while peasants work the land in exchange for protection.

What were the Crusades?

A series of military expeditions by Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims.

What is a Caravanserai?

Inns along the Silk Roads.

Define Interregional.

Existing between two or more regions.

What major geographical connection did the Silk Roads provide?

Connected East Asia to the Mediterranean Sea.

Name three significant innovations that increased trade along the Silk Road.

Caravanserai, coins, and paper money.

Name three major goods traded along the Silk Road.

Silk, porcelain, and cotton.

Which religion spread along the Silk Road?

Buddhism.

How did the Mongols contribute to increased trade along the Silk Road?

Mongol soldiers improved the safety and quality of trade along the Silk Roads.

List two other contributions of the Mongols towards a more unified Afro-Eurasia.

Religious freedom and improved infrastructure.

What main goal did the Song dynasty have during the Mongol expansion?

To undo the influence of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

What is an Astrolabe?

A tool that allows sailors to determine their latitude from the equator.

Define Diasporic Community.

Settlements of people away from their homeland who retain their traditions.

Name three technological innovations that contributed to increased trade along the Indian Ocean.

Astrolabe, lateen sails, knowledge of monsoon winds.

Why did trade along the Indian Ocean contribute to the growth of states?

It provided meeting spots for traders and institutionalized revenue through fees.

How did environmental knowledge contribute to increased trade in the Indian Ocean?

Monsoon winds aided ships in traveling easier and faster.

Name three goods traded along the Indian Ocean.

Spices, silk, and fabrics.

Which religion was spread via the Indian Ocean?

Islam.

Name two innovations that contributed to increased trade along the Sahara.

Camel saddles and caravans.

Name one religion spread across the Sahara.

Islam.

What was the significance of Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca?

It spread Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia.

What does Diffusion refer to in historical terms?

The spread of something across cultures or regions.

What does Urbanization mean?

The process of making an area more city-like.

Name two major technological innovations from greater Afro-Eurasian connectivity.

Lateen sails and the compass.

Who was Ibn Battuta and what did he document?

A world traveler who wrote extensively about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited.

Name three major crops that were diffused as a result of greater connectivity.

Champa rice, bananas, and cotton.

Define Pathogen.

A microorganism that can cause disease.

What pathogen was spread due to greater connectivity?

Bubonic plague.

How did the Black Plague impact feudalism and serfdom in Europe?

It caused the systems to eventually fall apart due to population shifts.

Name four major gunpowder empires.

Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, Qing Dynasty, and Safavid Empire.

What two major reasons caused conflict between gunpowder empires?

Religion and resources.

What is Imperialism?

Extending a country's power and influence by exploiting another country.

What is Monumental Architecture?

Large buildings built by rulers to demonstrate their wealth and power.

What is the Tributary System?

Collecting money or goods as a way to show power.

What system did the Ottomans use to staff their government and military?

Devshirme.

How do rulers use art and architecture to legitimize their rule?

By using the 'divine right' and showcasing power through monumental structures.

Name an example of art or architecture used to legitimize rule.

Palace of Versailles or the Taj Mahal.

What were the main complaints Martin Luther had with the Christian church?

Indulgences, simony, and general corruption.

What disagreement caused the split between Sunni and Shi’a Islam?

Who should lead Islam after Muhammad's death.

What two religions blended to create Sikhism?

Hinduism and Sufism.

Name five technological innovations that increased transoceanic interconnections.

Cartography improvements, astrolabe, magnetic compass, lateen sail, and stronger ships.

Name five maritime empires that expanded during the Age of Exploration.

Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands.

What is a trading post empire?

An empire that emerged based on small outposts rather than controlling large territories.

Which maritime empire was considered a trading-post empire?

Portugal.

What are Disease Vectors?

Insects, rats, and other disease-carrying animals.

What are Cash Crops?

Crops produced for their commercial value rather than for personal use.

What is Coerced Labor?

Individuals compelled against their will to provide work.

Name five crops spread along the Columbian Exchange.

Sugar, tobacco, wheat, coffee, and rice.

What diseases were spread along the Columbian Exchange?

Smallpox, measles, and influenza.

Name three animals spread along the Columbian Exchange.

Horses, pigs, and chickens.

What was the impact of European colonization of indigenous American peoples?

Disease, slavery, and large population reductions.

What significant demographic change came from the Columbian Exchange?

Introduction of New World crops to Afro-Eurasia and spread of epidemic disease to the Americas.

What approach did Ming China take against European colonization?

Isolationism to undo the influence of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

How did Tokugawa Japan react against European influence?

Banned Christianity and cut off all outside influence.

Name two groups that benefited from European colonization.

French and Dutch.

What is the Encomienda system?

A legal system where Spanish settlers received native labor in exchange for protection and conversion to Christianity.

What is the Haciendas system?

A system where owners directly employed native workers under poor conditions.

What is Cultural Synthesis?

The blending of two or more cultures to create new cultural elements.

What is Syncretism?

Combining different religious beliefs and practices.

What is the Cult of Guadalupe?

An apparition of the Virgin Mary in Mexico City in 1531.

What is Candomblé?

An African diasporic religion in Brazil that developed through syncretism between Catholicism and West African traditions.

What is a notable example of religious syncretism outside the Americas?

Sikhism, influenced by Islam and Hinduism.

What were the principles of Mercantilism?

Finite wealth, exporting more than importing, and colonies providing raw materials.

What are joint-stock companies?

Companies owned by investors who share profits and risks.

How did monopoly companies contribute to increased trade and exploration?

They granted exclusive trading rights to certain merchants or governments.

Name three new major trade items that began circulating globally due to increased interconnections.

Wool, cotton, and silk.

How did the larger slave trade impact gender roles in Africa?

It resulted in severe gender imbalance, leading to women taking on male roles.

Name five resistance movements against European colonization.

Metacom's War, Pueblo Revolt, Túpac Amaru II Rebellion, Stono Rebellion, and Mughal-Maratha Wars.