AP World Unit 5 and 6

Revolutions and Consequences of Industrialization from 1750-1900: Chapters 8-11 in the AP World textbook. This covers Enlightenment, the French, American, Haitian, and other revolutions, the Industrial Revolutions, government systems, the Scramble for Africa, and other post-Industrial Revolution Imperialism.

Enlightenment

intellecutal movement using reason and natural laws to make progress, resulting in more secular thinking and new ideas about government and society

Thomas Hobbes

idea that people are born bad and need strict rules to be controlled

John Locke

idea that people are born neutral and agree to be governed, but they have the duty of overthrowing unjust governments

social contract

agreement mutually benefitting someone and the government as a whole

philosophes

Enlightenment thinkers like Mary Wollstonecraft, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Roussea, and the founding fathers

salons/coffeehouses

social gatherings where men debated ideas about government and society and women began to contribute

enlightened despots

absolute rulers who used their total power to be cruel because Enlightenment thinking threatened them

American Revolution causes

Enlightenment, distance from the king, France’s aid

American Revolution results

America’s freedom from Britain, the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation (which were weak and were replaced by the Constitution)

French Revolution ideas

liberty, equality, and fraternity

Three Estates

French social classes: 1st—clergy, 2nd—nobility, 3rd—commoners

French Revolution economic causes

estates were unfairly taxed, too much money was spent on military and Marie Antoinette

Estates General

1st and 2nd estate locked 3rd estate out of their discussion about taxes

Tennis Court Oath

3rd estate vowed to make a new French Constitution and overthrow the monarchy

Storming of Bastille

3rd estate stormed a prison/armory and stole the

Committee of Public Safety

led by Maxmilian Robespierre, people were guillotined, led France into the Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte

took over France’s temporary government and established the Napoleonic code (religious freedom, liberty, equal taxes, etc), gained territory, made up with the Pope, failed to conquer Russia, was exiled

Congress of Vienna

European leaders met to exile Napoleon out of fear of his power

Toussaint L’Ouverture

leader of escaped slaves in the Haitian Revolution; inspired by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, they attacked slave owners and plantations, winning freedom

Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion

Mexican peasant revolt (led by Spanish priests) against government because of high food prices, was crushed by creole landowners, but it was a step toward Mexico gaining its independence in 1821

Peruvian Revolution

Native Americans rebelled because they were oppressed, led by Tupac Amaru

Jamaican Revolution

inspired by the Haitian revolution, slaves attacked plantations, but this time Britain responded with violence

Italian Unification

Italian city-states united into one

German unification

reaction to Napoleon’s invasions that increased strength and nationalism

zionism

desire of Jewish people to move to Israel and establish a Jewish state

focuses of First Industrial Revolution

new technology, textile industry, urbanization

focuses of Second Industrial Revolution

new energy sources, transportation networks, chemical production

Industrial Revolution origin and why

Britain because of its location on the Atlantic Ocean, abundance of coal, iron, and timber, accumulation of capital

important Industrial Revolution technology

steam engine, internal combustion energy, culture of innovation (the belief that things can be endlessly improved)

factory system

moving production (from individual homes) into one location for efficiency

capitalism

industry is controlled by private owners, people work for their own interest, competition, supply and demand, laissez-faire

socialism

industry is owned by the public, utilitarianism (good for the most people), no poverty, social justice, reforms

communism

complete socialism, no private property, government owns all businesses, everything is shared equally

Communist Manifesto

by Engels and Karl Marx, theory that the lower class will overthrow the higher classes

export economies

mass-produced natural resources and grew as populations grew

Muhammad Ali

brought order to Egypt and committed Egypt to the textile industry

state-sponsored industrialization

the government drafted workers into factories and created a monopoly on an industry

white man’s burden

Europeans felt they had the duty of using their “superior culture” to civilize regions

British East India Company

Britain had control over Southern India

British penal colony

Britain’s prisoners were sent to Australia

Afrikaners/Boers

Dutch, German, and French farmers in Southern Africa

Boer War

Boer v Britain conflict

Canton Port

Chinese port where only certain countries could trade

Opium War causes

China didn’t buy anything and Britain wanted to make money, Chinese people got addicted to opium, Britain started smuggling opium, China started blowing it up

Treaty of Nanjig

ended Opium Wars, gave Britain spheres of influence in China, control over Hong Kong (major port), gave foreigners extraterritoriality (didn’t have to follow China’s laws)

Matthew Perry

US Navy Commodore sent to Japan to open trade and make amends after a ship wreck

Treaty of Kanagawa

unequal treaty Japan accepted with US because they were scared of the US’s power and military

Sepoy Mutiny/Rebellion

Indian people working for the British East India Company felt their cultures were violated when they had to use animal fat as gun lubrication, so they fought back unsuccessfully

French Indochina

France took over today’s Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam

Siam (Thailand)

stayed independent

David Livingstone and Henry Stanley

mapped the interior of Africa for future imperialization

King Leopold of Belgium

killed millions of Congolese people in the collection of rubber

Suez Canal

made trading easier for Europe, hurt Egypt because it was located there but they didn’t own it

Maxim gun and steamboat

aided European takeover of Africa

Berlin Conference

European powers met and divided up Africa to prevent wars over territory

Sino-Japanese War

Japan vs Qing dynasty China over control of Korea, Japan won

Meiji Restoration

Japan got rid of the Shogunate system and restored imperial rule, improved its military, and modernized

Spanish-American War

US supported Cuba wanting independence from Spain

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese anti-foreigner group killed foreigners (who fled to embassies) and Chinese Christians

Ottoman Empire’s nickname and why

“sick man of Europe”—it was declining in strength, lost some of its territory, and wasn’t as modernized/technologically advanced

Tanzimat Reforms

changes made in the Ottoman Empire to modernize: factories, postal service, railroads, telegraphs, opportunities for women (salons and education)

Young Ottomans

Ottoman people wanting European-style parliament government system

Sultan Abd al-Hamid II

established Ottoman parliament but then had to revert to the old ways because of war with Russia