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Zoroastrianism
One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.
Patriarchy
a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line
Agricultural Revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
city-state
a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Mesopotamia
A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.
Judaism
the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud
Silk Roads
A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.
Buddhism
the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth
Mauryan Empire
The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.
Gupta Empire
Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism
Mandate of Heaven
a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source
Confucius
(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.
Confucianism
A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.
Daoism
A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.
Qin Dynasty
the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall
Han Dynasty
(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity
Civil Service Exam
In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.
Persian Empire
Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires, as well as Egypt and many others. Also known as the Achaemenid Empire.
Christianity
A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.
Diaspora
A dispersion of people from their homeland
Byzantine Empire
(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.
Roman Empire
Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.
Entrepot
Big commercial center for importing and exporting commodities.
Teotihuacan
A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.
Mayans
1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hemisphere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order.
Islam
A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.
Indian Ocean Trade Network
The world's largest sea-based system of communication and trade before 1500ce
Trans-Saharan Trade
route across the Sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading
Sunni
a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam
Shi'as
Wanted Caliph to be a political and religious leader and be descended from Muhammad.
Dar al-Islam
an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule
Abbasid Caliphate
Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.
Sui Dynasty
The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China
Tang Dynasty
(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.
Song Dynasty
(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.
Shogun
In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.
Daimyos
powerful warlord that controlled big estates; the best person from this class would become the shogun
Shinto
A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits
Ghana
First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.
Great Zimbabwe
A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining.
Monsoon Winds
seasonal wind in India, the winter monsoon brings hot, dry weather and the summer monsoon brings rain
Roman Catholic Church
the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy
Orthodox Church
the church that followed the Eastern traditions of Christianity as opposed to the Western traditions
Mississippian
A Native Indian culture that flourished in the modern day midwest. They resided in the Mississippi river valley
Toltecs
Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice.
Champa Rice
Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)
Proto-industrialization
Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.
Artisans
skilled workers who make goods by hand
Scholar Gentry
Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.
Filial Piety
In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.
Grand Canal
A canal linking northern and southern China
Imperial Bureaucracy
Division of an empire into organized provinces to make it easier to control
Meritocracy
a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement
Woodblock Printing
a form of printing in which an entire page is carved into a block of wood
Foot Binding
Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.
Theravada Buddhism
Buddhist sect that focuses on the wisdom of the Buddha
Mahayana Buddhism
"Great Vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.
Tibetan Buddhism
a Buddhist doctrine that includes elements from India that are not Buddhist and elements of preexisting shamanism, a tradition of Buddhism that teaches that people can use special techniques to harness spiritual energy and can achieve nirvana in a single lifetime
Syncretic
Combining several religious traditions
Chan Buddhism (Zen)
emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture.
Neo-Confucianism
term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism
Heian Period
The era in Japanese history from A.D. 794-1185, arts and writing flourished during this time
nuclear family
A married couple and their unmarried children living together.
Polygyny
having more than one wife at a time
Mamluk Sultanate
1250-1517 Egypt that worked to facilitate trade of cotton and sugar between the Islamic world and Europe
Seljuk Turks
nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly
Sultan
Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country
Mongols
A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.
Mamluks
Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)
Muhammad
Founder of Islam
Crusaders
Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries that fought for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims
Sufis
mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life
House of Wisdom
a center of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s
Baghdad
Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.
Aishah al-Ba'uniyyah
The most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century.
Vijayanagara Empire
1336-1646 "the victorious city" in Southern Asia
Rajput Kingdoms
These were several different kingdoms shown in India before the time of the British. The Rajputs had their own culture, but the country was clearly divided in many ways. Wealth, Sexism, and Warrior-like honor is emphasized.
Delhi Sultanate
(1206-1526 CE) The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire.
Srivijaya Empire (Sumatra0
670-1025 was a Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra. Built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China
Majahapit Kingdom (Java)
1293-1520 based on java had 98 tributaries, sustained its power by controlling sea routes. Was Buddhist.
Sinhala Dynasties (Sri Lanka)
roots in the arrival of early merchants from north India, became the center of Buddhist study and home to many monasteries
Khmer Empire (Cambodia)
Center of Cambodia. Prospered because of it's successful cultivation of rice.
Sukhothai Kingdom (Thailand)
I1431 invaded Angkor Wat
proselytize
to convert someone to a faith, belief, or cause
Bhakti Movement
An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity.
Qutub Minar
Highest stone tower in India
Urdu
A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s.
Matrilineal Society
a society in which descent & inheritance come through the mother's kinship line
Cahokia
The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E.
Mexica
were the people who were later called Aztecs
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
human sacrifice
Killing of humans for a purpose like worshiping a god, practiced widely by the Aztecs and a little by the Maya
Pachacuti
Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca
Incan Empire
a Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas including much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile; conquered by Pizarro
Mita System
The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.
Carpa Nan
during Incan rule, this is a massive roadway system made possible by captive labor, stretched 25,00 miles
Temple of the Sun
Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.