APhug Final exam terms

Agglomeration

the clustering of industries in one area for mutual benefit; e.g., Silicon Valley's concentration of tech companies

Antecedent boundary

a boundary established before the cultural landscape developed; e.g., the US-Canada border established by treaty in 1846

Break-of-Bulk points

locations where goods are transferred between transportation modes; e.g., the Port of Los Angeles where goods move from ship to truck

Bulk-Gaining Industry

industry where the final product weighs more or has more volume than the inputs; e.g., soda bottling, where water is added to syrup

Cartogram map

a map where size of regions is distorted to show a specific variable; e.g., a population cartogram where India and China appear enlarged

Central Place Theory

theory explaining the distribution of services based on settlements serving as market centers; e.g., hexagonal trade areas in rural Germany

Circulation

short-term, repetitive movements that recur regularly; e.g., commuting daily from home to work

Combine

a machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field; e.g., used in Iowa wheat farming

Commercial Agriculture

large-scale farming with the goal of selling crops for profit; e.g., corn farming in the US Midwest

Core countries

economically dominant, high-income countries with strong institutions; e.g., the United States or Germany

Cottage industry

small-scale production done in homes before industrialization; e.g., textile weaving in 18th-century England

Cumulative Causation

process where economic growth in one area spurs growth in nearby areas; e.g., growth of tech startups around Austin, Texas

Deglomeration

the dispersal of industries from an agglomerated area due to rising costs; e.g., factories leaving New York City for cheaper land

Denomination

a recognized autonomous branch within a religion; e.g., Baptists within Christianity

Devolution

the transfer of power from a central government to regional governments; e.g., Scotland gaining its own parliament in the UK

Distribution

the spatial arrangement of a phenomenon over an area; e.g., the distribution of fast food restaurants in a city

Ethnic religion

religion tied to a particular ethnic group, not seeking converts; e.g., Judaism

Exclusive Economic Zone

sea zone extending 200 nautical miles where a state controls resource use; e.g., oil drilling in Norway’s North Sea EEZ

Feedlot

area where livestock are fed and fattened before slaughter; e.g., cattle feedlots in Texas

Fordist production

mass production with each worker assigned a specific task; e.g., automobile assembly lines in the early 20th century

Formal region

a geographical area where everyone shares one or more distinctive traits; e.g., the Corn Belt based on corn production

Functional region

area organized around a central node; e.g., the delivery area of a local newspaper

Geopolitics

the study of power relationships and geographic space; e.g., Russia’s interest in controlling access to the Black Sea

GMOs

organisms genetically modified for desired traits; e.g., herbicide-resistant soybeans

Gravity model

model predicting interaction based on population size and distance; e.g., trade between New York and Los Angeles being stronger than with smaller cities

Heartland theory

idea that control of Eastern Europe leads to global power; e.g., used to justify Soviet control over Eastern Europe during the Cold War

Hinduism

an ethnic religion practiced mainly in India characterized by belief in reincarnation and a caste system; e.g., worship at temples in Varanasi

Infrastructure

basic physical systems needed for a society; e.g., roads, bridges, water supply

Intervening Obstacles

barriers to migration or travel; e.g., deserts or immigration laws

Intraregional migration

movement within one region; e.g., moving from a city center to a suburb in Chicago

Landlocked state

a state with no direct access to the ocean; e.g., Bolivia

International Law of the Sea

defines nations' rights concerning the use of oceans; e.g., granting 12 nautical miles of territorial sea

Least Cost Theory

theory that businesses locate to minimize transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs; e.g., a factory built near both resources and markets

Maquiladoras

factories in Mexico near the US border that export goods to the US; e.g., electronics plants in Tijuana

Median-line principle

dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places; e.g., maritime boundary between the US and Canada in the Great Lakes

Megacity

a city with over 10 million people; e.g., Tokyo

Mental maps

internal representations of places we’ve experienced; e.g., your idea of how to get from school to home

Metacity

a massive urban area with more than 20 million people; e.g., São Paulo

Missionary

someone who spreads a universalizing religion; e.g., Christian missionaries in Sub-Saharan Africa

Monotheism

belief in a single god; e.g., Islam

Multiple Nuclei model

urban model suggesting cities have multiple centers for different activities; e.g., Los Angeles with distinct hubs like Hollywood and Downtown

NAFTA

trade agreement between the US, Canada, and Mexico to reduce trade barriers; e.g., auto parts freely traded across borders

New International Division of Labor

shift of manufacturing jobs to developing countries due to cheaper labor; e.g., clothing production moving to Bangladesh

Operational boundary dispute

conflict over how a boundary should function or be administered; e.g., disagreements over passport checks at the US-Mexico border

Outsourcing

contracting jobs to external or foreign providers; e.g., customer service call centers in the Philippines

Perceptual region

area people believe exists as part of their identity; e.g., “The South” in the US

Physical boundary

natural barrier that separates regions; e.g., the Andes Mountains dividing Chile and Argentina

Polytheism

belief in multiple gods; e.g., traditional Hinduism or ancient Greek religion

Pull factor

positive conditions that attract people to a new area; e.g., job opportunities in Germany for migrants

Push factor

negative conditions that drive people away from an area; e.g., war in Syria

Refugee

person forced to flee their country due to conflict or persecution; e.g., Rohingya Muslims fleeing Myanmar

Region

broad geographical area distinguished by similar features; e.g., the Middle East

Relic boundary

boundary that no longer functions but still impacts cultural landscape; e.g., the Berlin Wall in Germany

Rimland theory

theory that control of coastal fringes of Eurasia leads to world power; e.g., US Cold War focus on Southeast Asia

Scale

the level of detail and extent of a map or study; e.g., global scale vs. local scale for climate change

Scales of Analysis

levels at which geographical data is considered; e.g., local, national, regional, global

Site factors

physical characteristics of a location; e.g., access to water or natural resources

Southeast Asian City Model

urban model featuring a port zone and no strong CBD; e.g., Ho Chi Minh City

Sovereignty

the authority of a state to govern itself; e.g., France making its own laws without external control

State

a political unit with defined territory, population, sovereignty, and recognition; e.g., Japan

Supranationalism

multiple countries forming an organization for mutual benefit; e.g., the European Union

Sustainable Agriculture

farming practices that protect the environment and ensure long-term productivity; e.g., crop rotation and reduced pesticide use

Syncretic

blending of cultural beliefs or practices; e.g., Afro-Caribbean religions mixing Christianity and African traditions

Tertiary sector

part of the economy focused on services; e.g., retail, healthcare, education

Themes of Geography

five key concepts: location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, region; e.g., studying migration under “movement”

Time-Space Compression

technology reduces time it takes to travel or communicate across distances; e.g., email vs. handwritten letters

Unitary state

state governed as a single entity with centralized power; e.g., France

Universalizing Religion

religion that seeks converts and is globally spread; e.g., Christianity

Voluntary migration

when people choose to move; e.g., college students moving to New York for education

Von Thunen’s Model

model explaining agricultural land use in rings around a city based on cost; e.g., dairy farms near cities, grain farther away

World City

a city with global influence in finance, culture, and politics; e.g., London

World Systems theory

theory dividing the world into core, periphery, and semi-periphery countries; e.g., the US as core, Nigeria as periphery