Joint Classifications & Body Movements

2 ways that joints are classified

functionally and structurally

3 functional classifications of joints

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

3 structrual classifications of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

fibrous joint movement

immovable; no movement

cartilaginous joint movement

slightly movable

synovial joint movements

freely movable

example(s) of fibrous joint

sutures of the skull; gomphosis; manubriosternal joint

example(s) of cartilaginous joint

pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, costal cartilage

example(s) of synovial joints

all limb joints (knee, shoulder, knuckle)

ball and socket joint example

shoulder and hip

ball and socket movement

movement in all planes (multiaxial)

another name for condylar joint

ellipsoidal joint

condylar joint example

joints between metacarpals and phalanges

plane joint example

joints between the carpal bones

another name for plane joint

gliding joint

hinge joint example

elbow, knee, phalanges

pivot joint example

atlas and axis (c1/c2)

saddle joint example

thumb

Number of synovial joint types

6

approximate number of joints in the adult human

230 or 350 depending on categorization

Flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint/two bones come closer together

Extension

Increases angle of a joint/two bones move further apart

Dorsiflexion

Lifting the foot (toes facing upwards)

Plantarflexion

Pointing the toes (toes facing downwards)

Abduction

Moving away from the midline

Adduction

Moving towards the midline

Rotation

Turning of a bone on it's own axis

Inversion

Turning of the sole medially

Eversion

Turning of the sole laterally

Protraction

Sticking the jaw out; or rounding shoulders forward

Retraction

Jaw in and squaring of the shoulders

Pronation

rotate lower arm and palm downward

Supination

Rotate lower arm and palm outward (like you're cupping soup)

Circumduction

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Hyperextension

the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

Internal (medial) rotation

Rotation of a joint toward the midline of the body

External (lateral) rotation

rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body

Depression

lowering a body part

Elevation

raising a body part