AP World Unit 7: Global Conflict 1900 - Present

How did the dominance of the West change in the 20th century?

A major shift in state power towards the West. This caused several non-Western powers to fall apart during this period.

In the period before 1900-present, what was the Ottoman Empire known as?

“The sick man of Europe”

What had the Ottoman Empire been doing to cause two significant reform groups to rise?

It has attempted a defensive industrialization under Tanzimat Reforms, internal problems continually plagued their efforts.

What were the two major reform groups in the Ottoman Empire of the 20th century?

Young Ottomans & Young Turks

What did the Young Ottomans do in the 20th century?

Called for liberal reforms to check the absolutist tendencies of the Ottoman sultan, but when the sultan stayed as an authoritarian, another group over the sultan in 1908.

What did the Young Turks do in the 20th century?

After overthrowing the sultan in 1908, they began their own reform program which included secularization of schools and law codes, the establishment of political elections, and the imposition of Turkish as the official language of the empire.

When the Young Turks chose to impose Turkish as the official language of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century, h did this effect others?

In doing so, they alienated some other minorities within the empire, and as a result the minority groups experienced their own nationalism. This soon fractured the empire, so when the empire joined World War 1, it was destroyed.

What is a common problem for absolutist states that industrialize, as seen in Russia in the 20th century?

People demanded more of a voice in government decisions.

How did Russia change in the 20th century?

• The growing middle class began to resent the conservatism of Nicholas II’s absolutism.

  • Demanded more of a voice in government decisions

  • Responsible for industrial work

  • Caused two significant revolutions, one in 1905 (which the czar brutally suppressed, but was forced to make accommodations that were largely ignored after) and the other in 1917 (led by Vladmir Lenin, the leader of the Bolsheviks - represented the death of the Russian state and the birth of the Soviet Union)

Russian Revolution of 1905

The czar who remained authoritarian brutally suppressed this uprising. However, like the Ottoman Empire, the czar was forced to make accommodations to people's demands (including the introduction of a constitution & legalization of labor unions and political parties). But, just like in the Ottoman Empire, the leader (Nicholas II) largely ignored these reforms and carried on as usually. And again, just like the Ottoman Empire, it was WWI that created conditions for major damage.

Russian Revolution of 1917

Led by the Marxist visionary, Vladmir Lenin, the leader of the Bolsheviks. The revolution represented the death of the Russian state and marked the birth of the Soviet Union, which was the first communist state the world had ever known.

What were the factors that caused China to change in the 20th century?

Taiping Rebellion, Opium Wars & Sino-Japanese War

What Taiping Rebellion an internal factor or external factor?

Internal

What the Opium Wars & Sino-Japanese War an internal factor or an external factor?

External

What happened during the Taiping Rebellion?

Successfully suppressed by the Qing military, which cost enormous amounts of money and lives.

What happened during the Opium Wars and Sino-Japanese War?

• Resulted in the economic domination of China by foreign powers.

• Victors carved China into individual spheres of influence.

By the end of the 19th century, the Boxer Rebellion occurred. What happened and how did it cause China to change in the 20th century?

It was an insurrection against the Qing authorities, who the the group viewed as foreigners (they were). The British, French, and Japanese sent troops to quell this rebellion and they imposed further demands on an already wakened China.

• So, a revolutionary movement gained steam under the Western educated Sun Yat Sen, which resulted in the abdication of the Qing Dynasty and the end of the long imperial rule in China.

Who is Porfirio Diaz?

A Mexican dictator who made policies that angered nearly every social class that existed in Mexico.

How did Porifio Diaz cause Mexico to change in the 20th century?

Due to his strict free market capitalist policies, the United States and Britain approved of him, not least because they were both gaining money on Mexican Industries. However, Mexicans across social classes came together to oust Diaz.

What happened after the abdication of the Qing Emperor and the end of the imperial ruling of China, causing change in the 20th century?

A new provisional government was established under Sun Yat Sen’s leadership, but it was short lived. After a series of power struggles and the civil war, China emerged as a communist state under the leadership of Mao Zedong in the middle of the 20th century.

Who is Francisco Madero?

Porfirio Diaz’s chief political rival who was socialist (like with land redistribution schemes), who was elected in 1910. But he got himself assassinated two years later.

Following Francisco Madero’s rule, what events showed change in Mexico during the 20th century?

A decade of civil war, which included mass peasant armies led by charismatic figures like Pancho Villa and Emiliano Rapata.

Who are Pancho Villa and Emiliano Rapata of the 20th century?

Both were charismatic leaders of the massive peasant armies in Mexico. Unfortunately, both were unable to successfully seize any meaningful state power, unlike the Bolsheviks in Russia.

Mexican Revolution

Completed by 1917 - Mexico emerged as a Republic with a newly drafted constitution, which enacted widespread reforms that addressed many of the grievances from before.

When did World War 1 occur?

1914-1918

What were the MAIN causes of World War I?

• Militarism - A governments belief that it's interests are best protected by maintaining a strong military and using it aggressively.

• Alliances

• Imperialism

• Nationalism - The phenomenon of nationalism was carried over from the 19th century.

What were the militaristic causes of World War I?

• Germany was getting extremely militaristic due to its unification and industrialization that occurred in the last period.

• France was nervous as its military was weak in comparison to Germany - This reality was shown through the Franco-Prussian War to Germany in 1871.

• Great Britain has a massive military, most notably a navy (from expansion of its MARITIME EMPIRE). However, the maintenance of that empire caused a significant financial strain.

What were the alliances that caused World War I?

The two alliances of consequence were the Triple Alliance (consisting of Germany, Italy, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire) and the Triple Entente (consisting of Russia, France, and Great Britain). Each of these states has other allies.

What were the imperialistic causes of World War I?

Once out of land, European powers began to experience conflict over existing colonial holdings, which largely caused the alliance system.

What were the nationalistic causes of World War I?

Many nation-states emphasized the glory and commonality of their own people while defining other nation-state as enemies. Because nationalism was such a powerful, unifying force, that meant that any conflict of those threatening powers had to be met not with compromise, but with force.

What was the spark that started World War I?

Austrio-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, driving down the streets of Sarajevo in an open car. A Serbian nationalist names Gavrilo Princip assassinated the Archduke. And because both Serbia and Austrio-Hungary were tied into these larger alliances and nationalism demanded retaliation, and militarism was ready to be used, we got World War I.

What is a total war?

• Required the mobilization of a country's entire population in order to fight, both military and civilian.

• Civilians are considered legitimate targets for military campaigns.

What type of war was World War I?

A total war

How did changes in technology make this war different from all that had come before it?

Due to the rapid pace of industrialization that preceded the war, the militaries were equipped with industrial weapons such as machine guns, chemical gas and tanks. This ensures it to be an exceedingly deadly war.

What were technologies present during World War I that helped define the characteristics of this deadly war?

Trench warfare - Opposing armies dug miles of defensive trenches that were fortified with machine guns and barbed wire.

How did governments use propaganda to mobilize their populations in World War I?

• Governments invested heavily in propaganda campaigns, art, and various media that demonized their enemies and exaggerated the atrocities that they committed. The goal was to remind people that their own cause amounted to a righteous struggle against evil forces, and therefore whatever sacrifice was needed was worth it.

• These crazy and exaggerated images and films were meant to awaken and provoke the nationalism that has caused the war in the first place.

In 1917, what state entered the war on the side of Britain and France that was a major development in helping the Triple Entente win?

The United States

What was the outcome of World War I and what was the treaty that ended it?

• Ended in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles with Germany and it's allies the losing party. And despite President Woodrow Wilson's attempts to forge peace without victory, France and Britain used the treaty to punish Germany.

Why was the Great Depression a global depression?

• Started in the U.S., European nations that were broken, rebuilding after the war, has become reliant on U.S. loans in order to recover

• In 1929, the U.S. stock market crashed which led to a collapse of the American economy and since many European nations depended on U.S. prosperity, that funding dried up.

Who was against the punishments for Germany in the Treaty of Versailles?

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson

How did the U.S. government respond to the Great Depression?

• Franklin D. Rooselevent was elected President in 1930 and worked quickly to roll out hundreds of government sponsored policies that combined to become known as the New Deal:

  1. Job opportunities with infrastructure projects

  2. Government-sponsored retirement program

  3. Government medical insurance for the elderly and children

After the Great Depression, what government intervention occurred there while Vladmir Lenin was ruling?

He got the government involved fast through his New Economic Plan.

By far, after the Great Depression, the most significant iteration of Soviet involvement in the economy was a series of five year plans imposed by the authoritarian, Joseph Stalin. What did his government intervention in the economy look like?

He aimed to multiply the Soviet industrial capacity by five (A LOT), which required heavy handed brutality. Therefore, in order to supply the newly created and rapidly growing industrial center, Stalin enacted the collectivization of agriculture (meaning merging small, privately owned fo ma into large sprawling collectives owner by the state). Nearly all the produce of the land would be shipped to feed industrial workers in the cities. Nowhere were the effects of collectivization felt more scultely than in Ukraine, which is by far the most significant producer of grain in the USSR.

What is an example of the negative effects of Soviet control of the economy under Stalin? (1900-present)

Stalin's obsession with industrial centers meant that the small yields Ukrainian farmers did produce was exported to feed urban centers (left almost no food) and Stalin's politicizes prohibited them from leaving their homes, which turned out to be a death sentence where millions starved to death. This became known as the Holodomer (which means death by hunger).

What unresolved tension remained in colonized counties following World War I?

Even though colonized people had served in world War I, they were not granted independence. Colonial holdings were maintained and grew during a world War I. This explains a continuity in territorial holdings in the 20th century.

What was the League of Nations?

A group that existed to help negotiate solutions to their problems instead of of resorting to war.

How did the League of Nations lead to the expansion of imperialism?

At the Versailles Peace Conference, the victorious powers were glad to add German colonies and Ottoman lands to their own empires. But, Woodrow Wilson was all “no, nations can have self-determination and govern themselves.” So, the compromise became the mandate system.

What was the mandate system that was made by the League of Nations?

1. Former German colonies would now be mandated of the League of Nations - In theory, this meant that the League would act as a caregiver helping these colonies along until they were economically and politically ready for self-government and independence. Instead, colonies designated as mandates ended up remaining colonies, they had just switched hands between imperial powers.

   • This caused colonial people to grow in resentment.

   • The Mandate System expanded colonial empires by means of negotiation and treaty. But, in other parts of the world, empires expanded by means of conquest.

How did Japan expand its imperial holdings after World War I?

In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria in order to expand its empire and gain access to valuable natural resources. The League of Nations condemned this action, so Japan quit the league and continued its program of conquest in the Pacific until they could make the Greater East Asia Co-Propersity Sphere under Japanese authorities. Therefore, in some places, all this colony swapping and imperial conquest led by anti-imperial resistance.

How did India respond to British maintaining control over India following World War I?

For example, in British India, the Indian National Congress was formed in the late 19th century in order to formally petition the British government for greater degrees of self-rule. But after WWI, in the millions of Indians who fought for the British, the Indian National Congress gained some real esteem, not least because of the leadership of Mohandas Ghandi, who led the Indians in mass nonviolent protests against the British policies that would, after WWII, win India their independence.

What was the Indian National Congress made for?

Formed in the late 19th century in order to formally petition the British government for greater degrees of self-rule.

Who was Mohandas Ghandi?

Led the Indians in mass nonviolent protests against the British policies that would, after WWII, win India their independence.

What is the acronym for the four main causes of World War II?

UCGR

U - Unsustainable peace treaty

C - Continued imperialism

G - Global economic crisis

R - Rise of Fascist states

In what way did the unsustainable terms of peace a cause of World War II?

Unsustainable terms of peace - Terms laid out in the Treaty of Versailles.

• Italy was denied much of the territorial gain they were promised. To be fair, they switched sides during the war because there Triple Entente powers promised them territory. But, in the estimation of Britain and France, Italy’s contribution to the war was little.

• Required Germany to pay reparations for all the damage caused by the war and also required demilitarization of Germany. Before the war, Germany had a boss level military, so it was both humiliating and left them vulnerable.

In what way did the continued imperialism a cause of World War II?

Continued imperialist aspirations

• Italy, with the results of the treaty, invaded Ethiopian and consolidated their African holdings into a proper empire.

• In Germany, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party started reclaiming territory taken by the treaty and expanding across Europe.

In what way did the global economic crisis a cause of World War II?

• Most notably the Great Depression.

• And especially in Germany and Italy, the Great Depression had dire effects and left their respective populations unemployed and hungry.

In what way did the unsustainable rise of fascist and totalitarian regimes a cause of World War II?

• At this point, the USSR was led by Joseph Stalin, who in addition to his brutal economic policies, had plans to cover the Earth and his brand of communism.

• Italy became the first fascist state under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. So, once Mussolini became the Italian prime minister by force, he organized Italy to serve his own vision of state. For example, all those efforts to get an Italian empire in Africa was Mussolini. Additionally, he used his oratorical massive nationalistic parades and use mass communication technologies to effectively rouse their state as fascist as well.

• Japan also organized their state as fascist as well.

• Nazi Party rose in Germany. Like Mussolini, Hitler was a spellbinding orater and used mass communication technologies to spread ultra nationalistic messages of German greatness on the flip side, he defined for the German people a common enemy that was the root of all their problems, named socialists, communists, and Jews. So, Hitler got rid of all constraints of the Treaty of Versailles and laid upon Germany.

What is fascism?

A far right political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership and militaristic means to achieve its goals.

What aggressive steps did Hitler take when he came into office?

• Canceled Germany's reparations payments.

• Remilitarized Germany, the most concerning manifestation of which was in the Rhineland.

• Led many campaigns to annex territory throughout Europe and every time Hitler did, Britain and France ultimately did nothing to stop him as they had just got done with a worldwide cataclysm.

When did World War II officially begin in Europe?

On September 1st, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland and with that, Britain and France declared war.

How was World War II similar to World War I?

1. World War II was another total war (except bigger this time)

2. It was fought again with two alliances: The Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the Allied Powers (Britain, France, and the USSR, and later on the United States)

3. Yet again imperial powers called up millions of colonial troops to help support their troops

4. Methods states used to mobilize its people

   • Applies to both on the home front and on the battlefield

   • Governments used propaganda to provoke nationalism and demonize their enemies. By sowing fear, they were able to form massive armies and keep civilians sacrificed on the home front

How did fascist states involved in World War II differ in terms of how they mobilized their states?

Fascist states were organized politically and economically in order to serve the interests of the state. Therefore, with its blend of extreme nationalism and the glorification of military conflict, fascist states were able to marshall their whole economies and populations quickly and efficiently mobilize for war.

How did the Soviet Union involvement in World War II differ in terms of how they mobilized their states?

Stalin made use of communism to mobilize for the war. Stalin already organized the Soviet economy to serve his own interests, which consisted chiefly in rapid industrialization through his five year plans. And so, when it came time to mobilize for the war, he pressed these demands even further, requiring ammunition factories and farmers to increase their output in service of the war.

How did Great Britains involvement in World War II differ in terms of how they mobilized their states?

By the time the war began, they had a new prime minister, namely Winston Churchill, who was in no mood to continue the appeasement policies of his predecessor Neville Chamberlain. But, lacking the control of a totalitarian state, Britain (and then lager true of the U.S.) relied on the cooperation of its people to successfully mobilize for war. So, in addition to massive propaganda campaigns, the British Parliament maxd promises to its citizens to expand the welfare state in exchange for the wartime sacrifices.

What was a similarly of each state in how they mobilized their states during World War II?

Nearly every state involved in the war repressed the freedoms of at least some part of their population.

How did all the states represent the freedoms of their populations during World War II?

• In the U.S., following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, more than 100,000 Japanese immigrants, a large portion of whole were American citizens, were forced into internment camps because the government fesred that they were operatives for the enemy.

• In Germany, Jews and other undesirables were forced into ghettos as a result of the Nuremberg Laws and the concentration camps, where they would be forced into hard labor or systematically killed.

What were some of the new military technologies and tactics used during World War II?

• German blitzkrieg

• Firebombing: Instead of relying on a bomb with a massive blast, fire bombs were small clusters of explosive devices that were meant to fall in urban areas and start fires. Allied forces firebombed many urban areas, but none more devastating than Dresden in Germany, Tokyo and Japan.

• Atomic bomb: The U.S. developed this bomb and it was so powerful that it could level while cities with a single blast. The U.D. dropped two of these bombs in largely civilian in areas in Japan, one on Hiroshima and the other on Nagasaki, killing hundreds of thousands of people. The result was the end of the war in the Pacific theater.

What happened during the Armenian Genocide?

Ottoman authorities began a program of mass extermination that included the outright slaughter of Armenians as well as forcible relocation in which the people were malnourished and brutalized. Somewhat between 600,000 and 1.5 millions Armenians were killed.

What happened during the Holocaust?

Hitler used his power to exterminate all those whom he believed tarnished their racial purity. Hitlers plan was called The Final Solution and thought it targeted many groups that Hitler deemed impure or undesirable, by far the heaviest blow was reserved for the Jewish population. Hitler made use of industrial technologies to construct concentration camps where Jews were sent for hard laboror extermination camps where they were sent to be mass murdered with industrial precision. In the end, about 6 million Jews were out to death, in this way, in about 5 million people that belong to other targeted groups.

How were the causes of the Holocaust similar to other ways western nations used race after 1450?

They have similar to the caste system in Spanish America and also had a healthy dose of Social Darwinism from the 19th century.

What was the Triple Alliance (1880s):

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy - protect against France.

What was the Schlieffen Plan of World War I?

Germany’s attack on France through Belgium, a neutral country.

France-Russian alliance was made to…?

Keep Germany in check

Triple Entente

Britain, France, and Russia - later joined by Japan

Why did World War I harm the Ottoman Empire?

It was in bad shape and kept losing territory (Greece and Slavic areas declaring independence, countries disagreeing on land arrangements and allies).

After war was declared what alliance came out?

Central Powers Alliance (Ottoman Empire, Germany, Austria-Hungary)

During the Treaty of Versailles, what was Wilson's Fourteen Points?

Focused on future peace and workable balance of power - but was disapproved of by Britain and France who put strict punishments on Germany.

What was President Wilson’d call for formation of council of nations called…

League of Nations - intended to preserve peace and establish humanitarian goals but was not widely accepted (even by U.S.)

What caused the Russian Revolution?

• Socialists began to organize after Czar Nicholas II’s forced resignation in 1917, resentment was strong among working class.

• Had lost war against Japan over Manchuria in 1904.

• Fired at peaceful protestors in 1905 (Blood Sunday)

• Alexander Kerrnsky established a provisional government - ineffective because it disagreed with the local councils, soviet's, who represented workers, peasants, and soldier.

What party socialist was led by Marxist leader Vladimir Lenin?

The Bolsheviks

After the Bolsheviks came to be, what next led to the Russian Revolution?

• April Theses: Issued by Lenin - Demanded peace, land for peasants, power to Soviets.

• Within six months, they took power of government - soon to be called Soviet Union.

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918): Armistice with Germany - ceded part of Western Russia to Germany so they dropped out of WW1.

• Counterrevolutions began occuring in Russian empire - Bolsheviks created Red Army, military force under Leon Trotsky to defeat counterrevolutions.

• Soviet Union became a nation lacking of trust by Western neighbors with a powerful army.

Why did Russia drop out of WW1?

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) where western Russia was ceded to Germany.

What was Hitlers blitzkrieg technique?

Destroyed everything in its path - by early 1940 Germany had control of Poland (half with USSR), Holland, Belgium, and France.