animal nutrition 1

what are the 4 steps of celular respiration

glycolysis(some ATP needed)

pyruvate oxidation,

citric acid cycle (some ATP needed)

oxadative phosphorylation (oxygen needed)

if you increase ATP, what else needs to be increased

O2 consumption and glucose usage consumption

direct relationship

what happens if incresing oxygen levels in us can’t be done by inhaling deeply

we do fermentation instead bc it’s faster but less efficient

2 ATP vs 30

buildup of lactic acid causing pain

used for more consistent exerciset

besides glucose, what can also be broken down into glycolysis and citric acid cycle

lipids—glycgen

amino acids

fatty acids

this is a catabolic reaction that lads to ATP synthesis

what is related to the overall energy usage in the cell

O2 consumption and glucose usage

the amount of ATP needed depends on what hte org is doing

Sustained constant activity can be done using

regualar cell respiration

brief fast activity is done using

anaerobic ATP methods

what is recovery metabolism

after we’re done with the activity, O2 consumption falls gradually

metablic activity depends on

an animals strategy for thermal/ temp regulation

what is an endotherm

an rg that relies on heat generated by the metabolism

(cell resp gives some heat)

constant body temp

BYO heat

we can be out in the cold but internally we’re still warm

what is an ectotherm

relies more on heat of enviro

low metabolic heat

will move to warmer places if needed

_{what does cell homeostasis depend on}

protein integrity and membrane fluidity

what is homeostasis

your body fighting to maintain stability of body temp, pH, etc

what are fuel molecules

carbs + lipids that are consumed beyond animals current needs, so they’re saved for laterand then used when metabolic activity increases and there’s a need for glucose

Explain the summary of how DAG and calcium phosphorylation occurs

1. signal molecule/ligand binds to GPCR, activating it and changing it’s structure

2. activated GPCR activates the g protein

3. actiates g protein activates an effector enzyme, phospholipase

4. phospholipase produce the 2nd messengers DAG and calcium

5. DAG and calcium activate DAG and calcium dependent kinase

6. these kinases phosphorylate target proteins until getting the cellular response

what is the cellular response dependent on

phosphorylation of proteins

receptor kinase has _____

two diff kinds of transmembrane protein receptors

what kinds of ligands bind to intracellular receptors in receptor kinase

steroid hormones for example, nitric oxide

small nonpolar ligands basically

large polar molecules rely on GPCR

endotherms have a…

high metabolic rate and their temps depend ont he rate of metabolism

what counts as an essential nutrient…

varies by species, they’re necessarily for life but can’t be synthesized by the org

ex: vitamins, amino acids (9 fr humans) and fatty acids

what happens if you don’t get essential nutrients from your food

you become malnutritioned which can be lethal

vitamin organic molecules…

are required in small quanitites

don’t have a common structure

storage abilities varies betweenf at and water soluble vitamins

fat soluble vitamins…

can accumulate in adipose tissue/fat that way the body can use it for later

water soluble vitamins….

are dissolved in the blood plasma/water of the body and urinated out

no accumulation in the body

dietary minerals

inorganic elements needed for life other than CHON

have to have them in our diet bc we can’t synthesize them ourselves

without them malnutrition can occur, maybe leading to deat

what is filter feeding

only in aquatic animals

small organic mols=floated around in the aquatic enviro, their bodies contain filters that allow them to take up the small organic molecules

wha is suction feeding

fish slurping fish

mosquitos and mammal babies do it too

using a straw like suction to suck up your food

what is bulk feeding

taking in large food and using chemical + mechanical digestion to break it down

what is the tempomandibular joint for

capable of generating a lot of force for biting, tearing, or chewing

between the temporal and mandible bone

what are examples of specialized teeth

incisors, pre-molars, molars, and canines

what do the incisors, canines, pre-molars, and molars do

incisors: cutting

canines: ripping/tearing

pre-molars: sheering

molars: grinding

interesting cats cautiously run past slow moonlit gardens

mammals who eat just plants have..

pre—molar and molars

animals that hunt prey and eat meat have..

more incisors and canines

what is mechanical digestion

happens in the mouth of teeth

ex: chewing

physically breaking down the food into smaller pieces-makes it easier for chem digestion

no chemical changes, still the same substance

Bile does this

what is chemical/enzymatic digestion

starts in oral cavity/mouth, enzymes that break down carbs and some fats in the mouth

partially chem digestive food moves into the …

esophagus through swallowing and into the stomach

the lining of the esophagus

smooth muscle for peristalitic contractions to move food into the stomach

we don’t consciously control it which happens due to a bunch of chem and electrical signaling with our nervous system

does peristalsis and segmentation-when muscles in intestine contract, causing them to seperate into sections

the stomach has….

more chem digestion + acid, low pH denature proteins

the small intestine

major site for digestion and absorption

recieves secretions from liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

the large intestine

where waste is formed, holds waste prior to elimination in the rectum

forms water

little chemical digestion

what are the accessory organs

salivary glands: secrete antimicrobiial peptides(dig enzymes) to digest carbs

liver: produces bile salts

gallbladder: stores bile and shares duct with pancreas to deliver material into the small intestine

without gallbladder…it’s hard to dig and mix fats

humans have special teeth

incisors, pre-molars, and molars

what does the pharynx do

muscular contractions move food to esophagus by swallowing reflex

what does the stomach do

Muscular sac stretch to store food

secrets mucus and gastric juice HCL

what organ secrets bile

the liver

what is chemical digestion

causes a chemical change

substance=changed into another

ex: polypeptide to individual amino acids

polymer to monomer

rate=sped up by prior mechanical digestion