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what are the 4 steps of celular respiration
glycolysis(some ATP needed)
pyruvate oxidation,
citric acid cycle (some ATP needed)
oxadative phosphorylation (oxygen needed)
if you increase ATP, what else needs to be increased
O2 consumption and glucose usage consumption
direct relationship
what happens if incresing oxygen levels in us can’t be done by inhaling deeply
we do fermentation instead bc it’s faster but less efficient
2 ATP vs 30
buildup of lactic acid causing pain
used for more consistent exerciset
besides glucose, what can also be broken down into glycolysis and citric acid cycle
lipids—glycgen
amino acids
fatty acids
this is a catabolic reaction that lads to ATP synthesis
what is related to the overall energy usage in the cell
O2 consumption and glucose usage
the amount of ATP needed depends on what hte org is doing
Sustained constant activity can be done using
regualar cell respiration
brief fast activity is done using
anaerobic ATP methods
what is recovery metabolism
after we’re done with the activity, O2 consumption falls gradually
metablic activity depends on
an animals strategy for thermal/ temp regulation
what is an endotherm
an rg that relies on heat generated by the metabolism
(cell resp gives some heat)
constant body temp
BYO heat
we can be out in the cold but internally we’re still warm
what is an ectotherm
relies more on heat of enviro
low metabolic heat
will move to warmer places if needed
what does cell homeostasis depend on
protein integrity and membrane fluidity
what is homeostasis
your body fighting to maintain stability of body temp, pH, etc
what are fuel molecules
carbs + lipids that are consumed beyond animals current needs, so they’re saved for laterand then used when metabolic activity increases and there’s a need for glucose
Explain the summary of how DAG and calcium phosphorylation occurs
signal molecule/ligand binds to GPCR, activating it and changing it’s structure
activated GPCR activates the g protein
actiates g protein activates an effector enzyme, phospholipase
phospholipase produce the 2nd messengers DAG and calcium
DAG and calcium activate DAG and calcium dependent kinase
these kinases phosphorylate target proteins until getting the cellular response
what is the cellular response dependent on
phosphorylation of proteins
receptor kinase has _____
two diff kinds of transmembrane protein receptors
what kinds of ligands bind to intracellular receptors in receptor kinase
steroid hormones for example, nitric oxide
small nonpolar ligands basically
large polar molecules rely on GPCR
endotherms have a…
high metabolic rate and their temps depend ont he rate of metabolism
what counts as an essential nutrient…
varies by species, they’re necessarily for life but can’t be synthesized by the org
ex: vitamins, amino acids (9 fr humans) and fatty acids
what happens if you don’t get essential nutrients from your food
you become malnutritioned which can be lethal
vitamin organic molecules…
are required in small quanitites
don’t have a common structure
storage abilities varies betweenf at and water soluble vitamins
fat soluble vitamins…
can accumulate in adipose tissue/fat that way the body can use it for later
water soluble vitamins….
are dissolved in the blood plasma/water of the body and urinated out
no accumulation in the body
dietary minerals
inorganic elements needed for life other than CHON
have to have them in our diet bc we can’t synthesize them ourselves
without them malnutrition can occur, maybe leading to deat
what is filter feeding
only in aquatic animals
small organic mols=floated around in the aquatic enviro, their bodies contain filters that allow them to take up the small organic molecules
wha is suction feeding
fish slurping fish
mosquitos and mammal babies do it too
using a straw like suction to suck up your food
what is bulk feeding
taking in large food and using chemical + mechanical digestion to break it down
what is the tempomandibular joint for
capable of generating a lot of force for biting, tearing, or chewing
between the temporal and mandible bone
what are examples of specialized teeth
incisors, pre-molars, molars, and canines
what do the incisors, canines, pre-molars, and molars do
incisors: cutting
canines: ripping/tearing
pre-molars: sheering
molars: grinding
interesting cats cautiously run past slow moonlit gardens
mammals who eat just plants have..
pre—molar and molars
animals that hunt prey and eat meat have..
more incisors and canines
what is mechanical digestion
happens in the mouth of teeth
ex: chewing
physically breaking down the food into smaller pieces-makes it easier for chem digestion
no chemical changes, still the same substance
Bile does this
what is chemical/enzymatic digestion
starts in oral cavity/mouth, enzymes that break down carbs and some fats in the mouth
partially chem digestive food moves into the …
esophagus through swallowing and into the stomach
the lining of the digestive tract has…
smooth muscle for peristalitic contractions to move food into the stomach
we don’t consciously control it which happens due to a bunch of chem and electrical signaling with our nervous system
does peristalsis and segmentation-when muscles in intestine contract, causing them to seperate into sections
the stomach has….
more chem digestion + acid, low pH denature proteins
the small intestine
major site for digestion and absorption
recieves secretions from liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
the large intestine
where waste is formed, holds waste prior to elimination in the rectum
forms water
little chemical digestion
what are the accessory organs
salivary glands: secrete antimicrobiial peptides(dig enzymes) to digest carbs
liver: produces bile salts
gallbladder: stores bile and shares duct with pancreas to deliver material into the small intestine
without gallbladder…it’s hard to dig and mix fats
humans have special teeth
incisors, pre-molars, and molars
what does the pharynx do
muscular contractions move food to esophagus by swallowing reflex
what does the stomach do
Muscular sac stretch to store food
secrets mucus and gastric juice HCL
what organ secrets bile
the liver
what is chemical digestion
causes a chemical change
substance=changed into another
ex: polypeptide to individual amino acids
polymer to monomer
rate=sped up by prior mechanical digestion
