3.3: Empires: Belief Systems 1450-1750 a

Major belief systems

What are the core beliefs of Hinduism during 1450–1750, and where was it dominant?

Hinduism is characterized by beliefs in karma, dharma, and moksha, with a pantheon of gods and goddesses. It was predominantly practiced in India during this period.

What was the Bhakti Movement and what impact did it have on Indian society?

The Bhakti Movement was a devotional trend that emerged in medieval India, emphasizing personal devotion to a god and fostering social equality. It challenged caste distinctions and promoted a sense of community among various religious groups.

How did Sufism contribute to the spread of Islam?

Sufism contributed to the spread of Islam through its emphasis on personal experience of the divine, promoting tolerance and inclusivity. Sufi mystics often traveled extensively, engaging with local cultures and facilitating the conversion of diverse populations.

What was the significance of the Sunni-Shia split during this era?

The Sunni-Shia split represented the division within Islam that arose over the rightful succession after the Prophet Muhammad's death. This schism significantly influenced political, social, and religious dynamics in the Muslim world during the period.

How did Sikhism reflect syncretism in South Asia?

Sikhism reflected syncretism in South Asia by blending elements of Hinduism and Islam, fostering a unique spiritual framework that emphasized devotion to one God, equality, and community service. This synthesis contributed to social harmony and cultural diversity in the region.

What are the differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism?

Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism differ primarily in their beliefs about the nature of enlightenment and the path to achieving it. Theravada focuses on individual enlightenment through strict adherence to the original teachings of the Buddha, while Mahayana emphasizes the role of compassion and the collective salvation of all beings.

What triggered the Protestant Reformation, and who led it?

The Protestant Reformation was triggered by various factors, including widespread corruption in the Catholic Church and demands for reform. It was primarily led by figures such as Martin Luther, who challenged the Church's practices and beliefs.

How did Calvinism differ from Lutheranism?

Calvinism differed from Lutheranism in its belief in predestination, the idea that God has already chosen the elect for salvation, while Lutherans emphasize faith and grace as the means to salvation without the same deterministic view.

What were the goals and methods of the Counter-Reformation?

The goals of the Counter-Reformation included reforming the Catholic Church, addressing corruption, and countering the spread of Protestantism. Its methods involved the establishment of the Jesuits, the Council of Trent, and a renewed emphasis on Catholic doctrine and spiritual discipline.

What are the basic principles of Confucianism, and where was it practiced?

Confucianism is based on principles such as filial piety, the importance of education, and the value of a hierarchical social order. It was primarily practiced in China and influenced various aspects of Chinese culture and governance.

How did belief systems manifest in the Americas during this period?

Belief systems in the Americas during this period manifested through the syncretism of indigenous religions with Christianity, the spread of Protestantism, particularly among colonial settlers, and the establishment of religious missions aimed at converting Native populations.

Which of the following belief systems emphasized meditation and simplicity and remained strongest in Southeast Asia?

Theravada Buddhism, particularly Zen Buddhism, emphasized meditation and simplicity, remaining influential in Southeast Asia.

The Council of Trent was primarily a response to:

the Protestant Reformation, addressing church reforms and clarifying Catholic doctrine.

Sikhism developed in the Punjab region due to:

the synthesis of Hindu and Islamic beliefs, emphasizing monotheism, equality, and community service.