Module 1

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 3 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/114

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

115 Terms

1
New cards

is a branch of science that is related to the formation, growth, and development of embryo

Embryology

2
New cards

Embryology begins with? up to?

formation of gametes, fertilization, formation of zygote, development of embryo and fetus to birth.

3
New cards

Importance of Embryology

  • to understand normal body structure

  • to know the cause of congenital anomalies

  • studies various genetics and environmental factors that disturb normal development and produce birth defects.

4
New cards

Includes the main developmental changes occurring before birth,

Prenatal Development

5
New cards

Prenatal development is divided into which periods?

Embryonic period and Fetal period

6
New cards

Begins at fertilization and ends with the end of the 8th week. (called an embryo)

Embryonic Period

7
New cards

Begins at the beginning of the 9th week and ends at birth. (called a fetus)

Fetal Period

8
New cards

the immature ovum, female germ cell.

Oocyte

9
New cards

the mature female germ cell.

Ovum

10
New cards

the mature male germ cell.

Sperm

11
New cards

the fertilized ovum.

Zygote

12
New cards

one cell divides into two cells

Cell Division

13
New cards

Two types of cell division

Mitotic and Meiotic Division

14
New cards

the cell produces 2 cells each, contains 44 autosomes and 2 sex

chromosomes

Mitotic

15
New cards

(reduction) it occurs in the primitive germ cells in the testes or the ovaries, it produces 2 cells each contains 22 autosomes and one sex chromosomes.

Meiotic

16
New cards

the top of the embryo or the head.

Cranial

17
New cards

superior or the head.

Cephalic

18
New cards

inferior or the tail end.

Caudal

19
New cards

back of the embryo.

Dorsal

20
New cards

anterior or the belly side.

Ventral

21
New cards

near to the midline.

Medial

22
New cards

flank side.

Lateral

23
New cards

median or sagittal. (cuts it to left & right)

Longitudinal

24
New cards

Frontal

Coronal

25
New cards

horizontal. (cuts it to superior & inferior)

Transverse

26
New cards

Gametogenesis and Fertilization occurs at?

1 week

27
New cards

Implantation begins when?

Begins one week after fertilization

28
New cards

Development of the Central Nervous System (CNS; brain & spinal cord) occurs at?

3rd week

29
New cards

Embryonic folding occurs at?

4th week

30
New cards

The Bilaminar and Trilaminar discs are supposed to be present before the?

Embryonic folding

31
New cards

It is the production of mature gametes (sperm and ovum) by gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females).

Gametogenesis

32
New cards

are the cells that give rise to gametes (precursors of the gametes)

Germ Cells

33
New cards

They are not considered as somatic cells

Sperm and Egg cells

34
New cards

are fully functional cells (have differentiated and perform specific functions)

Somatic Cells

35
New cards

are progenitor cells (can differentiate to form one or more kinds of cells) that give rise to functional cells (sperm and egg cells) involved that combine to form the embryo).

Germ Cells

36
New cards

Early on in the development of various organisms, the germ cells have been shown to separate from the?

Somatic Cell

37
New cards

Germ cells can only be found in?

Gonads (ovaries in female and testes in males)

38
New cards

Somatic cells can be found in?

All parts of the body including the reproductive system

39
New cards

Germ cells are capable of division through?

Meiosis

40
New cards

They are the only cells in the body that undergo mitosis and meiosis

Germ Cell

41
New cards

Mitosis allows cells to?

increase in number

42
New cards

To give rise to gametes, however, they have to undergo __________ which gives rise to __________

Meiosis which gives rise to haploid cells

43
New cards

They are diploid and only divide through mitosis.

Somatic Cells

44
New cards

cell division in somatic cells plays an important role in?

growth and replacing lost cells

45
New cards

This is the stage of division in which the chromosomal pairs condense and become compact. At this stage, sister chromatids are joined together at the centromere.

Prophase

46
New cards

This stage is characterized by the breaking down of the nuclear membrane as the spindle fibers begin to move to the opposite poles of the cell.

Prophase

47
New cards

By the end of __________, these fibers align the chromatids at the equatorial plane of the cell.

Metaphase

48
New cards

The contracting spindle fibers separate the sister chromatids and pull them towards the opposite poles of the cell. This ensures that each daughter will eventually contain the same number of chromosomes.

Anaphase

49
New cards

A nuclear membrane starts to form around each set of separated chromosomes.

Telophase

50
New cards

the cytoplasm divides through a process known as ___________ thus completely separating the two daughter cells.

cytokinesis

51
New cards

the cells of the body that make up different tissues and organs. They are therefore important because they make up various parts of the body including all the internal organs, the connective tissue, and bones among others.

Somatic Cells

52
New cards

These changes give rise to thread-like structures, hence the process is termed _________ (thread) in distinction to liviiiotl for convenience into four phases.

mitosis

53
New cards

Cells may divide directly by the simple fission of their nuclei and cytoplasm. This rather infrequent process is called?

Amitosis

54
New cards

Amitosis is said by many to occur only in?

moribund cells (approaching death)

55
New cards

Amitosis is the type of cell division demonstrable in the?

epithelium of the bladder

56
New cards

Somatic is derived from the greek word?

Soma which means body

57
New cards

are the body's raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated.

Stem cells

58
New cards

stem cells come from embryos that are?

three to five days old

59
New cards

stem cells come from embryos that are three to five days old. At this stage, an embryo is called a?

Blastocyst

60
New cards

meaning they can divide into more stem cells or can become any type of cell in the body.

pluripotent stem cells

61
New cards

Parts of a somatic cell

1. Nucleus

2. Nuclear envelope

3. Chromatin

4. Nucleolus

5. Cytoskeleton

6. Microtubules

7. Centrosome

8. Intermediate filaments

9. Microfilaments

10. Plasma membrane

11. Lysosome

12. Golgi apparatus

13. Cytoplasm

14. Mitochondria

15. Vacuole

16. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

17. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

18. Peroxisomes

62
New cards

are long, multinucleated cells. The membrane of the cell is the?

Sarcolemma

63
New cards

are long, multinucleated cells. The membrane of the cell is the sarcolemma; the cytoplasm of the cell is the

sarcoplasm

64
New cards

are composed of myofibrils which are composed of sarcomeres linked in series.

Muscle Fibers

65
New cards

Muscle fibers are composed of?

Myofibrils

66
New cards

Myofibrils are composed of?

sarcomeres linked in series

67
New cards

Normal cell division in all cells, except germ cells, occurs by 2 mechanical processes that initially divide the nucleus then the cell cytoplasm.

Mitosis

68
New cards

Mitosis produces?

two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

69
New cards

segregation of chromosomes and formation of 2 nuclei

Mitosis

70
New cards

splitting of the cell as a whole into 2 daughter cells

Cytokinesis

71
New cards

no. of chromosome of a goat

60

72
New cards

no. of chromosome of a sheep

54

73
New cards

no. of chromosome of a cattle

60

74
New cards

no. of chromosome of a pig

38

75
New cards

no. of chromosome of a cat

38

76
New cards

no. of chromosome of a dog

78

77
New cards

no. of chromosome of a chicken

78

78
New cards

no. of chromosome of a horse

64

79
New cards
  • Chromosomes dispersed in nucleus

  • Gene expression

  • Cytoskeleton and cell organelles - Distributed and functioning

  • Mitochondria undergo independent proliferation/division

Interphase

80
New cards

Chromosome DNA has been earlier duplicated (S Phase)

Chromosomes begin condensing

Chromosome pairs (chromatids) held together at centromere

Prophase

81
New cards

Which phase does the microtubules disassemble?

Prophase

82
New cards

Which phase does the mitotic spindle begins to form and spindle apparatus?

Prophase

83
New cards

The amphiaster and the chromosomes together constitute a mitotic figure and at the end of the prophase this is called a

Monaster

84
New cards

What divides during prophase?

Centrosome

85
New cards

_________ ______ appear in the cytoplasm about each centriole.

Astral Rays

86
New cards

hey radiate from it and the threads of the central or achromatic spindle are formed between the two asters, thus constituting the _________

Amphiaster

87
New cards

Chromatic network resolves into? then it breaks into?

Spireme then it breaks into chromosomes

88
New cards

Shape of chromosomes?

Rod, Block, U-shaped

89
New cards

anchor the pole end in position

astral microtubules

90
New cards

They are connected to chromosomes

kinetochore microtubules

91
New cards

form the structure of the spindle apparatus

Polar microtubules

92
New cards
  • Microtubules now enter nuclear region

  • Nuclear envelope forms vesicles around mitotic spindle

  • Kinetochores form on centromere attach to some MTs of spindle

  • Dynamic instability and the capture of chromosomes

Prometaphase

93
New cards

At end of prometaphase chromosomes move to the

metaphase plate

94
New cards

The longitudinal splitting of the chromosomes into exactly similar halves constitutes the ____________

Metaphase

95
New cards

is a spindle-associated protein required for chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate

Astrin

96
New cards

Metaphase ends when

 sister kinetochores separate

97
New cards

At this stage the two groups of daughter chromosomes separate and move up along the central spindle fibers, each toward one of the two asters.

Anaphase

98
New cards

Anaphase is alsos called as?

Disaster stage

99
New cards

At this stage, the centrioles may each divide in preparation for the next division of the daughter cells.

Anaphase

100
New cards

is a microtubule-severing complex involved with this stage of microtubule dynamics.

Katanin