PHYSCI: Lesson 4.1-4.3

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Democritus

who pioneered the concept of Milky Way?

Democritus

who proposed that the Milky Way was composed of thousands of unresolved stars?

Plato

who viewed the universe as perfect and unchanging?

Plato

who reasoned that the most perfect orbit of a planet would be circular and its motion is constant like the stars?

Thales

who believed that “everything comes out of water and that Earth floats on water?”

Aristotle

who proposed that the motion of terrestrial objects can be natural, violent, or alteration?

solar eclipse

Even before the discovery of the telescope, there were celestial phenomena already known to astronomers of ancient civilizations.

They already observed the following:

1. _____

2. lunar eclipse

3. phases of the moon

4. pattern and motion of the stars

5. visibility of planets

lunar eclipse

Even before the discovery of the telescope, there were celestial phenomena already known to astronomers of ancient civilizations.

They already observed the following:

1. solar eclipse

2. _____

3. phases of the moon

4. pattern and motion of the stars

5. visibility of planets

phases of the moon

Even before the discovery of the telescope, there were celestial phenomena already known to astronomers of ancient civilizations.

They already observed the following:

1. solar eclipse

2. lunar eclipse

3. _____

4. pattern and motion of the stars

5. visibility of planets

pattern and motion of the stars

Even before the discovery of the telescope, there were celestial phenomena already known to astronomers of ancient civilizations.

They already observed the following:

1. solar eclipse

2. lunar eclipse

3. phases of the moon

4. _____

5. visibility of planets

visibility of planets

Even before the discovery of the telescope, there were celestial phenomena already known to astronomers of ancient civilizations.

They already observed the following:

1. solar eclipse

2. lunar eclipse

3. phases of the moon

4. pattern and motion of the stars

5. _____

calendar

“In early civilizations, the astronomy has provided the basis for the _____.”

2000BCE in Mesopotamia

The oldest known lunar eclipse happened when and where?

2500BCE

When did the alignment of the sun to the Stonehenge mark the rising and setting points of the Sun during solstices?

Anaximenes

who proposed the concept of Celestial Sphere during 560BCE?

celestial sphere

“stars as fixed points inside a solid vault”

ecliptic

“The Ancient Greeks observe that the Sun appears to move around the Earth once a year, counterclockwise, along with the stationary path called _____.”

once a year, counterclockwise

“The Ancient Greeks observe that the Sun appears to move around the Earth _____, _____ along with the stationary path called ecliptic.”

zodiac

“As the Sun moves along this stationary path called ecliptic, it passes 12 constellations called _____.”

diurnal and annual motion, precession

what are the 3 types of Earth’s motion?

diurnal motion

this refers to the apparent daily motion of the stars and other celestial bodies in the sky.

diurnal motion

this can be observed because the sun, moon, planets, and stars rise in the east and set in the west.

Earth’s rotation

what causes for Diurnal Motion to happen?

annual motion

this refers to the apparent shift in the location of the stars to the west, relative to the sun.

annual motion

this can be observed because the stars change positions throughout the year.

Earth’s revolution around the Sun

what causes for Annual Motion to happen?

equinox

this refers to a day with an equal duration of day and night.

spring equinox

what do you call it when there is an equal duration of day and night during March 20 or 21?

Autumnal Equinox

what do you call it when there is an equal duration of day and night during September 21 or 23?

solstice

this refers to a day with either the longest or shortest day.

winter solstice

what is it called when it is the shortest day and happens around March 20 or 21?

summer solstice

what is it called when it is the longest shortest day and happens around June 20 or 21?

precession

this refers to the westward motion of the equinoxes along the ecliptic relative to the fixed stars and opposite to the motion of the sun along to the ecliptic.

precession

this refers to the annual gradual shift in the orientation of Earth’s axis.

eudoxus

he believed that the Earth is the center of the universe. he used 3 concentric spheres arranged in such a way that a planet attached to one of the spheres, travels around a common center, making periodic retrograde motions?

aristotle

he believed that the Earth is the center of the universe. the spherical earth was at the center of the universe where the sun, moon, and planets all revolve around it.

claudius ptolemy

he believed that the Earth is the center of the universe. he believed that the Moon was orbiting on a sphere closest to the Earth, followed by Mercury, Venus, Sun, and so on.

tycho brahe

he believed that the Earth is the center of the universe with the sun and moon orbiting it. then, the other planets are orbiting the sun in the system.

aristarchus

he believed that the Sun is the center of the universe. all the planets orbit the sun along circular paths. the moon orbit the earth which in turn spins on its axis.

nicolaus copernicus

he believed that the Sun is the center of the universe and all the heavenly bodies revolve around it in circular paths.

galileo galilei

in 1609, he built his first telescope and began making observations. he believed that the Sun is the center of the universe.

galileo galilei

in 1609, he built his first telescope and began making observations. he discovered that the sun had dark patches on it (sunspots) and proved that the sun is the center of the universe.

galileo galilei

in 1609, he built his first telescope and began making observations. he discovered that the surface of the moon was rough which disproved Aristotle’s idea that the heavens are perfect.

galileo galilei

in 1609, he built his first telescope and began making observations. he discovered the moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto).

galileo galilei

in 1609, he built his first telescope and began making observations. he discovered that Venus went through complete set of phases.

johannes kepler

he believed that the Sun is the center of the universe. he also observed the Supernova of 1604, which disproved that new stars could not appear in heavens, contradicting the Aristotelian view of unchanging heavens.

johannes kepler

he believed that the Sun is the center of the universe. he also analyzed Brahe’s data and he discovered that planetary orbits were not perfect circles but ellipses.

first law of planetary motion

this law of planetary motion refers to when all planes move around the sun in elliptical orbits with the sun at one of the foci.

second law of planetary motion

this law of planetary motion refers to when a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.

third law of planetary motion

this law of planetary motion refers to when the square of orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the orbit’s semi-major axis.

T2 = A3

what is the formula for the third law of planetary motion?

motion