mendelian and non mendelian genetics

experimental cross

cross 2 true breeding lineages

monohybrid cross

2 heterozygous crossing for a single trait

complete dominance

one of the traits is shown in the hybrid cross. 3:1 ratio

principle of segregation

everyone has 2 alleles, one allele is randomly passed to offspring. One gene involved with 2 alleles

principle of independent assortment

involves 2+ genes where one gene doesn’t affect the inheritance of a different gene; 9:3:3:1 ratio

test cross

cross dominant phenotype to recessive phenotype

dihybrid cross

crossing 2 different true breeding phenotypes

incomplete dominance

1:2:1 ratio where heterozygotes are an intermediate of 2 phenotypes

codominance

1:2:1 ratio where heterozygotes show both at the same time

lethal alleles

homozygous can’t happen because they’ll die, will die. 2:1 ratio

pleiotrophy

one gene affects multiple traits

penetrance

yes or no response, % of people having a genotype that expresses the expected phenotype

expressivity

degree to which a character is expressed from same phenotype

heterogenic traits

non wildtype/typical phenotypes caused by alleles in one of many genes involved (deafness)

complementation test

cross 2 nonwildtype and see if alleles are on same gene

novel phenotype

a cross produces a totally new phenotype from parentals

recessive epistasis

9:3:4 ratio, one recessive allele combination dominates

dominant epistasis, one dominant allele combination dominants

12:3:1 ratio

hypostatic

the gene covered in epistasis

duplicate dominant epistasis

15:1 ratio, any dominant allele from any gene

duplicate recessive epistasis

9:7 ratio, any recessive allele from any gene