Nutritional Pathology Lecture Review

The flashcards cover key concepts related to nutritional pathology, malnutrition, and its consequences, as well as dietary needs and interventions. These cards will aid in the revision process for the upcoming exam.

Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) is also known as __.

Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

Marasmus is characterized by __ intake of proteins and calories.

Inadequate

Kwashiorkor is caused primarily by __ deprivation.

Protein

The main distinction between marasmus and kwashiorkor is the presence of __ in kwashiorkor.

Edema

The global perspective of malnutrition indicates that millions are affected in __ nations.

Low-income

Marasmus leads to loss of __ and muscle mass, weight loss, and weakness.

Fat

Energy requirements include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, __, and minerals.

Vitamins

Primary malnutrition results from __ nutrients from the diet, while secondary malnutrition is due to malabsorption.

Missing

One main cause of secondary malnutrition is __ disease which impairs nutrient absorption.

GI (Gastrointestinal)

Chronic alcoholism can lead to deficiencies in vitamins such as __ and folate.

Thiamine

Self-imposed dietary restrictions can lead to __ disorders.

Eating

Acute and chronic illnesses increase __ metabolic rates, leading to higher nutrient needs and potential malnutrition.

Basal

Severe malnutrition in patients may lead to __, infection, and overall poor prognosis.

Sepsis

The serum albumin level is typically __ in kwashiorkor.

Decreased

The prognosis for marasmus is generally __ compared to kwashiorkor.

Excellent

A key indicator of severe acute malnutrition includes weight-for-height less than __ standard deviations from normal.

-3

Dietary factors leading to obesity are paradoxically significant in __ nations.

Low-income

Anemia, beriberi, and goiter are examples of __ diseases due to nutrient deficiencies.

Deficiency

Vitamin deficiencies can lead to multiple __ defects affecting metabolism.

Metabolic

Secondary malnutrition in chronic diseases is known as __.

Cachexia

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by self-induced starvation due to an obsession with __.

Thinness

Oxygen consumption increases with __ activity, leading to increased nutrient requirement.

Physical

Complications of kwashiorkor include __ due to vitamin deficiencies.

Infections

Hepatomegaly is often present in __ due to the abnormal metabolism of fats.

Kwashiorkor

Chronic pulmonary infections can lead to __ heart failure, resulting in right-sided heart problems.

Cor

Malnutrition in children globally can lead to long-term __ effects on growth and development.

Negative

The presence of 'flaky paint' dermatitis is associated with __.

Kwashiorkor

Self-imposed dietary restrictions and __ can lead to significant nutritional deficiencies.

Eating disorders

Inadequate maternal nutrition can lead to increased risks of __ in offspring such as neural tube defects.

Congenital anomalies

Therapeutic interventions for malnutrition often focus on __ education and interventions.

Nutritional

Essential nutrients in a balanced diet include amino/fatty acids, __, and minerals.

Vitamins

Cystic fibrosis can lead to fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies due to __ malabsorption syndrome.

Fat

Sarcopenia can occur and result in reduced __ mass due to chronic disease states.

Muscle

Micronutrient deficiencies such as __ can lead to serious long-term health effects.

Iron

Feeding practices such as the exclusive use of artificial milk can lead to __ deficiencies.

Nutrient

Nutritional management in malnutrition cases often includes __ monitoring for deficiencies.

Regular

Persistent malnutrition can result in __ complications despite adequate intake.

Nutritional

Cash transfer programs in low socio-economic countries aim to improve __ access for better nutrition.

Food

Protein absorption can be greatly affected by __ diseases within the GI tract.

Chronic

The macronutrient that serves as the primary source of energy is __.

Carbohydrates

Malnourished patients are at risk of __ infections due to weakened immunity.

Opportunistic

Alterations in nutrient metabolism can increase the risk of conditions such as __ and type 2 diabetes.

Obesity

Education on safe food-handling practices can mitigate the risk of __ foodborne illnesses.

Nutritional

Collagen synthesis requires adequate __ and vitamin C to maintain structural integrity.

Vitamin

Chronic disease states like HIV or cancer can increase the energy __ of the patient.

Needs

Dietary fiber is essential for maintaining healthy __ function and reducing constipation risks.

Bowel

Nutritional assessment includes evaluating dietary patterns, physical __, and laboratory tests.

Intake

The enzyme that breaks down dietary fats is known as __.

Lipase

The act of feeding a newborn exclusively on breast milk can improve long-term __ outcomes.

Health

Food insecurity in children can lead to significant __ deficits both in physical and mental health.

Developmental

Severe malnutrition can lead to anemia due to lack of __ absorption.

Iron

Chronic low-grade inflammation is often a hallmark of dysfunctional __ disorders such as obesity.

Metabolic

A balanced diet should include proper proportions of proteins, __, and carbohydrates.

Fats

Sustaining glycemic control is critical in treatment of __ and metabolic syndrome.

Diabetes

Nutritional deficiencies can adversely affect __ health during critical growth periods.

Bone

Failure to thrive in children can be attributed to __ factors in nutrition.

Various

Binge eating disorders can lead to __ deficiencies if not properly managed.

Nutritional

The early intervention in malnutrition is essential to prevent policy __.

Failure

Nutrient deficiencies can lead to compromised immune __ in children.

Function

Understanding dietary restrictions is critical in managing __ diseases.

Chronic

Caloric intake is essential for maintaining __ performance.

Exercise

Malnourished children have higher risks of developing chronic __ later in life.

Diseases

Involuntary weight loss can indicate underlying __ problems.

Health

Regular intake of fruits and vegetables helps prevent __ deficiencies in adults.

Vitamin

A well-rounded diet supports __ function and overall wellness.

Cognitive

Assessing intake and addressing deficiencies are part of a __ diet approach.

Holistic

Roughly 25% of the population deals with some form of __ throughout their life.

Malnutrition

Economic and __ factors contribute significantly to global nutritional issues.

Social

Optimizing nutrition requires understanding individual __ and cultural needs.

Preferences

Integrating physical activity with nutrition can improve overall __ outcomes.

Health

Preventing early malnutrition helps ensure greater __ of children.

Development

Support groups can help mitigate the psychological aspect of __ disorders.

Eating

Lifelong nutritional strategies can assist in managing chronic __.

Disease

Regular screening for malnutrition can significantly impact __ health outcomes.

Public

Educational programs related to nutrition should align with community __.

Goals

Crisis intervention strategies for malnutrition should be enacted at local __.

Levels

Understanding nutrient sources is vital to address nutrient-related __ in populations.

Deficits